P-ISSN: 2808-5957
E-ISSN: 2808-6724
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648
STRESS FACTORS OF LABOR CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
ON PERFORMANCE TIME AND COST
Robin Supratman, Dwi Dinariana, Hari Nugraha Nurjaman, Arman Jayady, Fitri Suryani
Master's Program in Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universitas Persada Indonesia YAI Jakarta
email : robin.supratman@gmail.com
Abstract
Human resources are an important factor in the implementation of construction projects. This is because the role
of human resources is very dominant where HR is the main driving force in construction project work, so the
quality of human resources is a determining factor for the success of a project. The purpose of this study is to
make a regression model equation that can be used to predict the stress factor of construction workers
(consultants and contractors) of buildings on time and cost performance. This research method uses a survey,
namely by distributing questionnaires to collect main data to obtain facts by taking samples from the population.
The results showed that the stress factors for building construction workers (contractors) that affect time
performance were that I was not confident with my work because I did not complete the task properly (X18) and
there were no definite regulations from the company regarding the workforce career development process. work
(X22).
Keywords: Stress Factors, Labor, Building Construction
This work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
INTRODUCTION
In an effort to achieve good construction results, of course, various resources are needed.
These resources include material, equipment, capital and human resources. Human resources are
an important factor in the implementation of construction projects. This is because the role of
human resources is very dominant where HR is the main driving force in construction project
work. Luthfan Atmaji also mentions that HR is the main motor of the organization in carrying
out all its activities in an effort to achieve goals (Atmaji & Rahardjo, 2011). This opinion is
supported by Simamora in (Hidayati et al., 2011) that HR is a central factor in organizations.
human performance is a critical factor in determining organizational performance (Jost et al.,
2007). So the quality of human resources is a determining factor for the success of a project, by
having good quality human resources, the company's productivity will be higher (Rachman et al.,
2011) Thus, serious attention to HR management is one of the critical success factors for
construction projects that is absolutely necessary.
The quality of workers can be assessed from a technical and mental point of view. The
good and bad mentality of workers is influenced by the ability to deal with various work
pressures. Sources of work pressure can come from within or from outside the workers
themselves. The pressure that comes from outside that can be seen today is the development of
construction work which is becoming more complex and more sophisticated, demanding
adjustments to all workers involved in the world of construction, such as in terms of mastery of
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
649 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
technology, work methods and newly discovered materials. In addition, several other sources of
pressure such as changes to stricter regulations, demands for increased work output, as well as
demands to complete construction work faster.
According to Wahab, 2010; Loosemore and Waters, 2004, stressed workers will experience
a decrease in quality and quantity in the work environment as well as a decrease in work
accuracy. Indications of the declining quality and quantity of workers include: increased
absenteeism, low employee morale, increased turnover, and high staff turnover. All the problems
of decreasing quality and quantity will cause a decrease in productivity.
Clarke and Cooper (2014) added that stress can be a trigger for work accidents. Sutanto
(2010) agrees with Clarke and Cooper that personal circumstances, management, environment,
and equipment are factors that can cause work accidents. Work accidents occur because stress
makes workers unable to concentrate properly. Loss of concentration at work can increase the
risk of accidents such as falling, falling, or tripping, etc.
Stress that occurs in the workforce can be caused by several sources of stress. Potential
sources of stress that trigger work stress usually come from within the family or personal life,
interpersonal relationships, or due to workload. (Semple et al., 2011) identified three categories
of potential stressors, namely: environmental, organizational, and personal. Environmental
uncertainty affects the level of stress on the workforce in an organization. The environmental
uncertainty is related to changes in the business cycle, uncertainties in the country's economy,
and changes in technology. While organizational factors that can trigger stress include: task
demands, role demands, and interpersonal demands. And in terms of personal factors that can
cause stress are family problems, and personal economic problems.
Meanwhile, sources of stress according to (Offia Ibem et al., 2011) in their journal about
"work stress among professionals in the building construction industry in Nigeria", which can
cause job stress in construction workers in Nigeria are "organizational function and culture,
interpersonal relationship at work, career development and job status, preparation and training,
job content, workload and work place, work time, role in organization”. Apart from Nigeria,
there is also a study that Campbell conducted in 2006 on construction project managers in the
UK. There are several factors that cause work stress, including: "physical factors, organizational
factors, job demand factors, and job role factors" (Vasconcelos et al., 2006). Research on work
stress was also conducted in Hong Kong in 2007 by Leung et al on estimators, Leung et al
identified sources of work stress, among others: "personal behavior, social support, role conflict,
poor environment, work underload, home-work conflict" (Lee et al., 2007). Furthermore,
research in Malaysia by (Japar, 2014) on quantity surveyors, namely the number of jobs and
deadlines. There is a need for research to be carried out in the construction industry because
according to (Offia Ibem et al., 2011), it is stated that construction work is the third most
stressful profession after mining and the police. While in Indonesia itself, especially in Jakarta,
research on the factors that cause work stress in the construction industry is very limited,
especially those that discuss the factors that cause work stress in contractors and consultants in
Jakarta.
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
650 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
The purpose of this study is to make a regression model equation that can be used to predict
the stress factor of construction workers (consultants and contractors) of buildings on time and
cost performance. The benefits of the research to be conducted on the factors that cause work
stress for building construction workers to contractors and consultants in Jabodetabek, the first is
expected to contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of project management and
human resource management, especially on the factors that cause work stress for contractor
workers. and consultants on building construction projects in Jabodetabek
METHOD
This research can be classified as an exploratory research that aims to determine the factors
that influence work stress on contractors and consultants in Jakarta. This research method uses a
survey, namely by distributing questionnaires to collect main data to obtain facts by taking
samples from the population.
Where the main purpose of this exploratory research is to identify the research situation
and data needed for further research. If the research problem is still not clear, it is more suitable
if a qualitative method is used which means that it goes directly to the object so that the problem
can be found clearly (Sugiyono, 2013).
Based on the studies conducted on previous research, it is known that there has never been
a study on the factors causing work stress estimators in Jakarta, so that this research can be
classified as an exploratory research. The assessment variables in this study were obtained from
several previous studies.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
1. Respondent Description
Analysis Description of respondents in this study was used to find out information within
the respondent including age, gender, education, etc. which was presented in a frequency
distribution. The requirement for sampling is a minimum of 30 respondents based on the central
limit theory from David and Suton in (Wulandari & Mutmainah, 2011), so that the number of
samples has met the specified criteria. The results of the analysis of the characteristics of the
respondents can be explained as below:
Table 1. Results Description of Respondents Characteristics by Education
Category
Frequency
Percentage
(%)
SMK/SMA
6
15.8
D3
2
5.3
S1
29
76.3
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
651 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
Masters
1
2.6
Figure 1. Pie Graph of Respondents Characteristics by Education
Based on the results of the analysis in table 4.1, it can be seen that most of the respondents
in this study had the last bachelor's degree in education, and at least the respondents had the last
bachelor's degree. This is because to enter the career path into contractors and consultants at least
S1, while the education level is SMA/SMK due to having worked for a long time / already have
experience.
Table 2. Results Description of Respondents' Characteristics by Gender
Category
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Male
34
89.5
Female
4
10.5
Figure 2. Pie Graph of Respondents Characteristics by Gender
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
652 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
Based on the results of the analysis in table 2, it can be seen that most of the respondents in
this study were male by 89.5%, and the remaining 10.5% of respondents in this study were
female. . This is because the physically demanding work in the field is male.
Table 3. Results Description of Respondents Characteristics by Occupation
Category
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Consultants
13
34.2
Contractors
25
65.8
Figure 3. Pie Graph of Respondents' Characteristics by Occupation
Based on the results of the analysis in table 3, it can be seen that most of the respondents in
this study worked as contractors, namely 65.8%, and the remaining 34.2% of respondents
worked as consultants. This is because there are more contractor companies than consultants.
Table 4. Results Description of Respondents Characteristics by Position
Category
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Project Manager
5
13.2
Quality Assurance
1
2.6
Quality Control
2
5.3
Quantity Surveyor
6
15.8
Staff Engineer/Drafter
2
5.3
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
653 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
Staff Engineer/ Engineering
11
28.9
Supervisor
11
28.9
Figure 4. Pie Graph of Respondents' Characteristics by Position
Based on the results of the analysis in table 4, it can be seen that most of the respondents in
this study served as Supervisors and Engineer/Engineering Staff. While at least the respondents
served as Quality Assurance, Quality Control. This is because the positions as Supervisor and
Staff Engineer/Engineering are common positions in contractor and consulting companies.
Table 5. Results of Characteristics of Respondents Based on Age
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
38
23.00
61.00
35.6842
10.66975
Based on the results of the analysis in table 5, it can be seen that the average age of the
respondents is 35.6842 years with the youngest age being 23 years and the oldest 61 years. The
standard deviation value is 10.66975 years. This value is less than the average, indicating that the
age diversity of the respondents in this study tends to be homogeneous.
Table 6. Results Description of Respondents' Characteristics Based on Experience
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
38
1.00
23.00
9.0263
5.11218
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
654 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
Based on the results of the analysis in table 6, it can be seen that the average respondent
has 9,0263 years of work experience with the lowest experience being 1 year and the longest
being 23 years. The standard deviation value is 5.11218 years. This value is less than the
average, indicating that the diversity of respondents' work experience in this study tends to be
homogeneous.
2. Project Job Description
Project Job Descriptions in this study are used to find out information on project work that
has been done by respondents. The results of the analysis of Project Job Descriptions can be
explained as follows:
Table 7. Results of Descriptive Analysis of Project Work
Description
Category
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Type of
Building Project 1 Floor
3
7,7
Building
36
92,3
Functions of
Apartment
15
38,5
Apartments & Hotels
2
5.1
Lecture Buildings
1
2.6
Logistics Warehouses
1
2.6
Hotels
1
2.6
Offices
5
12.8
Houses
3
7.7
Hospitals
3
7.7
Flats
8
20.5
Types of
Overall Construction of the Building
32
82.1
Mechanical Electrical & Plumbing
1
2.6
Wooden Doors
1
2.6
Renovation
1
2.6
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
655 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
Sub & Upper Structure
2
5.1
Upper Structure
2
5.1
Procurement
Tenders
29
74.4
Direct Selection
6
15.4
Appointment Direct
2
5.1
Self
2
5.1
Contract System
Design and Build
1
2.6
Combined Lumpsump and Unit Price
1
2.6
Lumpsump
30
76.9
Unit Price
7
17.9
Based on the results of the analysis in table 7 it can be it is known that most of the types of
projects carried out by respondents are high-rise buildings, the function of the building as
apartments, types of is the construction of the entire building, procurement through an auction,
with a lumpsump contract system.
3. Description of Research Variables
Job Description Projects in this study were used to determine the description of the
variables studied. The results of the analysis of the Description of Research Variables are
described below:
1. Description of Research Variables
Table 8. Results of Descriptive Analysis of Time Performance Variables
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
38
49.32
120.00
96.4542
18.71074
Based on the results of the analysis in table 8. it can be seen that the average value of the
Time Performance Variable is 96.4542 percent with the lowest value being 49.32 percent and the
highest being 120 percent. The standard deviation value is 18.71074 percent. This value is less
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
656 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
than the average, indicating that the diversity of Time Performance between respondents in this
study tends to be homogeneous.
Table 9. Results Category Variable Time Performance
Category
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very late
2
5.1
Very late
2
5.1
Late
3
7.7
Slightly late
21
53.8
Faster
10
25.6
Based on the results of the analysis in table 9 it can be seen that most of the respondents
have time performance in the Slightly late category, which is 53.8%. Then 25.6% of respondents
have time performance in the Faster category. As many as 7.7 percent of respondents have time
performance in the Late category. And the remaining 5.1% of respondents each have time
performance in the category of Very late and Very late.
2. Cost Performance Variables
Table 10. Results of Descriptive Analysis of Cost Performance Variables
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
38
70.83
128.66
102.8171
16.13677
Based on the results of the analysis in table 10, it can be seen that the average value of the
Cost Performance Variable is 102.8171 percent with the lowest value of 70.83 percent and the
highest being 128.66 percent. The standard deviation value is 16.13677 percent. This value is
less than the average, indicating that the diversity of Cost Performance among respondents in
this study tends to be homogeneous.
Table 11. Results Category Variable Cost Performance
Category
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Very detrimental
8
20.5
Very detrimental
1
2.6
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
657 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
Adverse
4
10.3
detrimental
3
7.7
Not affected
22
56.4
Based on the results of the analysis in table 11, it can be seen that most of the respondents
have cost performance in the Unaffected category, which is 56.4%. However, 20.5% of
respondents have a cost performance in the category of very disadvantageous. As much as 10.3
percent of respondents have a cost performance in the category of very disadvantaged. And the
remaining 7.7% of respondents have a cost performance in the category of Disadvantage and
2.6% of respondents have a cost performance in the category of Very detrimental.
1. Stress Factor
The stress factor value is obtained from the respondent's perception or response to the
questionnaire/questionnaire given. The assessment category is determined based on the number
of measurement scales used, which are five classifications.
where :
P = length of each class interval
X
max
= maximum value
X
min
= minimum value
b = many classes
Based on the results of the calculation of the class length for each interval, Table 4.5
presents the classification of assessment categories against the arithmetic mean value
Table 12. Classification of Assessment Categories for Descriptive Statistics
Average Score Calculate
Rating Category
1 – 1.80
Not Influential
1.81 – 2.60
Slightly Influential
2.61 – 3.40
Moderately Influential
3.41 – 4.20
Influential
4 ,21 – 5.00
Very Influential
Source: Data Processing Results
Based on Table 12, the scale can be used as a reference for assessing the results of the
existing questions, which are related to the existing variables and discussed in this study.
1. Factor Analysis
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
658 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
Factor analysis was conducted to form groups of independent variables that were
considered valid in explaining the main characteristics of the factors influencing design changes
during the ongoing construction period. To simplify the independent variable which has r >
0.339 to the time performance and cost performance of construction projects. In the previous
intercorrelation analysis on the independent variables, there was an intercorrelation so that before
forming a linear regression equation from the independent variables, it was necessary to group
them using factor analysis. Factor analysis is assisted by the SPSS 24.0 program by clicking
analyze > Dimension Reduction > Factor, inputting the variables included in the correlation
test, then clicking descriptive and selecting KMO and Bartlett's test > continue, then clicking
rotation and selecting variamax > continue > Ok.
Table 13. The results of the combined factor analysis of consultants - contractors on time
performance
Factors
variables
Description of independent
variables
Coefficients
Description of substitute
variables
1
X17
There is competition between
workers.
0.840
Effect of competition/not
cooperating, not
confident and career path.
X18
X22
I am not confident with the
results of my work because I do
not complete the task well.
There is no definite regulation
from the company regarding
the career development process
of the workforce.
0.885
0.854
(Source: SPSS Processing Results, 2022)
Table 15. Results of contractor factor analysis on time performance
Factors
Independent
Variables
Description of independent
variables
Coefficients
Description of
substitute
variables
Stress Factors Of Labor Construction Of Building Construction On Performance Time And Cost
659 Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(7), April 2022
1
X18
X22
I am not confident with the
results of my work because I do
not complete the task well.
There is no definite regulation
from the company regarding the
career development process of the
workforce.
0.900
0.900
Not confident
and career path
(Source: SPSS Processing Results, 2022)
CONCLUSION
The stress factors for construction workers (consultants) in buildings that affect cost
performance are the assignment of tasks that are carried out very close to the deadline for work
(X6), the break time during work is very short (X8), often working overtime without any prior
notification ( X9), The number of workers and limited resources result in heavier work demands
(X10), Frequently checking the results in detail of the work of other workers or subordinates due
to distrust (X15), There is no separation of workplaces between workers, one of the the impact is
noisy and can interfere with privacy (X19), I often have difficulty deciding between high
productivity and high quality (X20), There are no definite regulations from the company
regarding the workforce's career development process (X22), Workers do not get the opportunity
to get training /training (eg use of BIM technology) (X25), No feedback from a the boss given
for the work that has been done by the Workforce (X26).
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