P-ISSN: 2808-5957
E-ISSN: 2808-6724
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1005
IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION ON FORESTRY AND
FOREST VILLAGE COMMUNITY INSTITUTION (LMDH)
Dwi Ekasari Harmadji
1
, Sri Hastutik
2
, Sonny Leksono
3
, Achmad Mamduh
4
Wisnuwardhana university Malang-Indonesia
1, 2, 3,
University Negeri Malang-Indonesia
4
Email: dwiekasari@wisnuwardhana.ac.id, srihastutik@wisnuwardhana.ac.id,
leksono@wisnuwardhana.ac.id, achmad.mamduh.2004139@students.um.ac.id
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Date received : 28 Mei 2022
Revision date : 10 Juni 2022
Date received : 15 Juni 2022
The causes of deforestation in Indonesia have been widely
discussed in the literature related to this matter, but this article
discusses the impact and mitigation of deforestation in the
Gunung Kawi forest area. The purpose of this study is to
answer the questions that are at the heart of the problem,
namely: (1) How do we define “forest”, “deforestation” and
“LMDH” and “Role of Forestryin the Indonesian context? (2)
What is the principle of the implementation of the cooperation
between Forestry Malang Regency and LMDH Wonosari (actors
who are grouped as the indigenous people of Gunung Kawi) to
reduce deforestation and forest land degradation? The
research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach.
The results of this study provide suggestions for Forestry
Malang Regency to apply the principles of the Partnership
Program with a Public Private Partnership which can eliminate
the tendency to find a single cause of the failure of the
cooperation program with LMDH Wonosari. Deforestation can
be tackled by planting coffee trees “intercropping” and Taro
Beneng plants among the pine trees in the Gunung Kawi
Forest.
Suggestions for future researchers to be able to know with
certainty the involvement of the Malang Regency Government
and Forestry in providing deforestation and reforestation data
in the Gunung Kawi Forest.
Keywords: Deforestasi,
Forest, Forestry, LMDH
Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science © 2022 by International Journal Labs is licensed
under CC BY-SA 4.0
INTRODUCTION
Deforestation will be stopped by agreement of one hundred countries (which
represents 85% of the world's forests). This commitment was made within the new
framework at the global climate change Summit (Summit) on Tuesday, November 2,
Impact of Deforestation on Forestry and Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH)
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2021. Brazil, Russia, Canada, Colombia and Indonesia committed to halting deforestation
and reversing forest loss and land degradation by 2030 in hCOP26 in Glasgow, Scotland
(source: Kabar24.bisnis.com). According to data from the UK government, an area of
forest the size of 27 football fields is lost every minute worldwide as a whole. This
international pledge will later be supported by funds of US $ 19.2 billion with details of
US $ 7.2 billion will come from companies and philanthropy. These funds could be used
to increase deforestation-free soybean and livestock production in South America and to
reactivate tree planting in forests. In addition to private funding, 12 countries including
the UK will allocate US$12 billion (8.75 billion pounds) of public funds from 2021 to 2025
to tackle forest fires, reduce land degradation and help indigenous peoples (including
LMDH in Indonesia). These existing financial commitments contribute to reducing
deforestation and forest land degradation. According to a UK government spokesman, 30
financial institutions including Aviva Plc, Schroders and AXA will also commit to eliminating
investment in activities linked to deforestation. Investors, representing US$8.7 trillion in
assets under management, also pledged to stop investing in activities related to
deforestation by 2025. (source: Kabar24.bisnis.com). Then, five countries, including the
UK and the US, and a group of global charities also pledged to provide US$1.7 billion to
support the conservation of indigenous peoples' forests and to strengthen their land
rights. “This overcrowded ecosystem this natural cathedral is the lungs of our planet,”
said British Prime Minister Boris Johnson also adding: “With today's unprecedented
promise, we will have the opportunity to complete humanity's long history as a nation.
conquerors of nature, and instead become their custodians," he added (in a statement
quoted from Bloomberg).
Net Deforestation in Indonesia in 2019-2020 was 115.5 thousand hectares/ha
(inside and outside forest areas). The area is the same the value with gross deforestation
is 119.0 thousand ha minus 3.6 thousand ha. Net deforestation inside forest area is 67.0
thousand ha (58.0%), while outside forest area for Other Use Areas (APL) is 48.5
thousand ha (42.0%). This data comes from the Directorate of Inventory and Monitoring
of Forest Resources, Director General of Forestry Planning and Environmental
Management, Ministry of Environment and Forestry in 2021.
Sources from the Malang Regency Forestry Service. In 2015, the total forest area
in the Malang Regency area reached 110,884.57 ha (34% of the total area of Malang
Regency) and the total area of Malang Regency was 328,935 ha. Special Forest in Gunung
Kawi which is located in Wonosari District which has an area of 707 hectares (ha).
Meanwhile, the area of the Wonosari sub-district is 6,460 ha, so the forest area is 11%
compared to the area of the Wonosari sub-district, Malang Regency.
Malang Regent Drs HM Sanusi MM (as
the keynote speaker
) who was present at
the
Forum Group Discussion
(FGD) organized by Jawa Pos Radar Malang on April 20,
2022, said that he took a helicopter to observe forest conditions in Malang Regency. “I
Impact of Deforestation on Forestry and Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH)
Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol 1 (9), Juni 2022
1007
saw that many were bald, so there was a flood and the regent was blamed. In fact, the
one who manages the forest is Forestry. There were lots of logs that were washed away
following the flood and the pieces of wood that came from upstream were none other
than forest wood resulting from logging. There must be a solution for this. Forestry should
be open about deforestation which results in the shrinkage of forest areas. Forestry
should be able to explain the amount of deforestation in Malang Regency. In the past,
there were 110 thousand hectares, now how many thousand are actually forests. So that
protected forests are not eroded, there should be a mutually agreed solution. It's time
for a moratorium to be made not to carry out deforestation. In addition to explaining the
problem of logging in the forest, the Regent of Malang also reviewed the contradictions
of the rules. Local governments have the authority to manage their territory, including
forest areas. This is stated in Article 66 paragraphs 1 and 2 of Law (UU) 41 of 1999.
Sanusi was accompanied by Deputy Regent of Malang H. Didik Gatot Subroto, Regional
Secretary (Sekda) of Malang Regency Wahyu Hidayat, and dozens of heads of Regional
Apparatus Organizations (OPD) Malang Regency Government.
But there is Government Regulation (PP) Number 72 of 2010 concerning State
Forestry Corporation which states that forest area management is Perum Forestry. This
is stated in Article 3 paragraph 1. "The PP annexed regional autonomy, which should
have been managed by the regional government, but in Java it was managed by
Forestry," he explained. In fact, according to the principle of law, PP is a rule under the
law, so it should not conflict with the law. According to him, this PP also gives Forestry
more authority and limits the role of regional governments. Therefore, in this FGD
opportunity, he said that forest management must involve the thinking of academics who
are oriented towards saving the forest. His party seeks a moratorium on logging in the
forest. "Perhaps in the future, if someone does deforestation by cutting down wood in
the forest, they will be subject to criminal sanctions. Whoever it is, be it the people or
Forestry," said the Malang Regent.
The administrator of Perum Forestry KPH Malang Hengki Herwanto responded to
the Malang Regent's statement by saying that his party did not mind if there was a
moratorium on logging in the forest. "Regarding the moratorium, yes, sir," said Hengki,
who sat opposite the Malang Regent (Sanusi). On that occasion, Hengki explained the
duties and functions of Forestry. According to him, Forestry has carried out its duties and
functions according to the regulations. "We have two legal umbrellas, namely Law
Number 41 of 1999 and PP 72 of 2010," said Hengki in a relaxed tone. If his task in
managing the forest is considered to be under the authority of the regional government,
he will leave it entirely to the central government. "Forestry is only an operator, the
regulations are in the central government," he said. Hengki confirmed that his party cut
trees in the forest. However, regarding the cutting of the tree, it has gone through the
specified procedure. Among other things, there is clear cutting. However, the area is not
Impact of Deforestation on Forestry and Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH)
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large, only about 10 percent of the total forest area in Malang Regency. Regarding this
logging, Forestry has carried out monitoring and evaluation (monev). Hearing Hengki's
statement regarding this monev, the Director of Jawa Pos Radar Malang Kurniawan
Muhammad who was the moderator of the forum asked: "Are the results of the monev
also conveyed to the local government?" Before Hengki could answer, Sanusi responded
quickly. "Yes, I never (received the results of monev, ed)," said Sanusi, which was
immediately greeted by laughter from the FGD participants. "Well, I don't know,"
answered Hengki with a smile. According to Hengki, monev is under the authority of his
superiors at the central Forestry office. In addition to delivering monev, his party is doing
reforestation. "We will replant the trees that are cut (reforestation)," he said. “Indeed
there is reforestation, the tree will not take root before five years. So, the solution is a
moratorium," said Sanusi. In the forum which took place from 15.00 to 17.30, Sanusi
interrupted Hengki's conversation several times. From this FGD, it was sparked to realize
the MoU between Malang Regency Government and Perum Forestry KPH Malang
Regency. (Source: https://radarmalang.jawapos.com/malang-raya/kabupaten-
malang/21/04/2021/bupati-malang-perjualan-otoritas-Forestry/).
The impact of deforestation, deforestation poses risks to all forms of life, and
forests are shrinking as a direct result of looting of land for agriculture, mining and
plantations (Wahyuni, 2021). Deforestation in Indonesia has very serious impacts both
at the national and international levels. This is due to uncontrolled forest fires, destructive
logging, land clearing for plantations, fuel dredging, and the development of
transmigration areas, all of which have an impact on the socio-economic life of the people
who live there and their daily lives. They depend on nature or forest products and have
the potential to cause huge financial losses for the whole community and the nation as a
whole (Nordhaus, Toben, & Fauziyah, 2019). Research has recently begun to pay
attention to the issue of global warming, which shows that Indonesia is a major
contributor to climate change and is more sensitive to its impacts. It is estimated that
Indonesia's emissions from the forestry sector and land use change were 2,563
megatonnes of carbon dioxide in 2000. This amount is expressed in megatons (MtCO2e),
In addition, the annual emissions generated by the energy industry, agriculture sector,
and waste management sector reach 451 MtCO2e. When compared with Indonesia's
overall emissions, it reached a total of 3,014 MtCO2e, while China's emissions reached a
total of 5,017 MtCO2e and the United States' emissions reached 6,005 MtCO2e. The rapid
rate of deforestation not only has a negative impact on the surrounding natural
environment, but also has the potential to disrupt the social life of local residents (Carlson,
Heilmayr, Gibbs, Noojipady, & Burns, 2018).
The human factor for clearing agricultural land and plantations in forest areas is
the main factor in deforestation by burning forests to shorten land clearing (Putra, Oktari,
& Putriana, 2019). LMDH (Forest Village Community Institution) is a forum for indigenous
Impact of Deforestation on Forestry and Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH)
Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol 1 (9), Juni 2022
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peoples to help manage forests in their area. LMDH Wonosari, which manages forests on
the slopes of Gunung Kawi, Malang Regency, uses a pattern of implementing cooperation
for the purpose of reforestation and reducing land degradation into productive land and
the welfare of the surrounding community can be achieved. This research article
describes the collaboration carried out by Perum Forestry KPH Malang Regency and LMDH
Wonosari in managing forests with the research title "Impact of Forest Deforestation for
Forestry and LMDH (Study on LMDH Wonosari District, Malang Regency)".
METHOD
To determine forest areas that are currently undergoing deforestation and the
efforts made by Forestry and LMDH for reforestation, this article is a type of descriptive
research using a qualitative approach. (Sugiyono, 2014) states that qualitative research
is an action research that is applied simultaneously with data analysis. The research
procedure examines descriptive data in the form of words (can be spoken for religious,
social, cultural research, local policies and philosophy) as well as from sources of records
that are correlated with meaning, meaning, and values (Arianti, Rizatania, Fasitasari, &
Sarosa, 2009). The data collection technique of this research is by applying
documentation techniques, interview techniques, listening techniques, and note-taking
techniques (Moleong, 2011). Documentation techniques are used to obtain data in the
form of review texts published in magazines and newspapers. The interview technique
with key informants and additional informants to obtain data and data that has been
collected is then studied thoroughly using the listening technique. The note-taking
technique is carried out to record data findings related to the structure and variations of
the structure of the review text (Leksono, Haq, Iqbal, Soelami, & Merthayasa, 2013).
The validity of the data in this study was tested by triangulation. According to
(Moleong, 2014) triangulation is a technique of checking the validity and validity of data
using other sources outside the data. Triangulation is used to determine the validity of
data from research data sources. The data analysis technique implements the Miles and
Huberman (1992) model in the article (Sugiyono, 2014) namely data collection, data
reduction, data processing, and application of conclusions and checking/verification.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of research that answer the main problems:
(1) How do we define “forest”, “deforestation” and “LMDH” and “Role of Forestry” in the
Indonesian context?
Forests
More than 91 million hectares, or about 53 percent of Indonesia's total land area,
are covered by forests in Indonesia. In general, there are three different functions
performed by forests: conservation, protection, and production of forest products.
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Conservation forest, forest with wide biodiversity, including protected plants, animals and
their habitats. In addition, the stored biomass of this type of forest is not less than 433.5
metric tons CO2/ha, making it an important component in combating the adverse effects
of climate change. Protected forests, as community livelihoods, can be obtained from
protected forests through protection of soil fertility, prevention of erosion and flooding,
and maintenance of groundwater sources. This protected forest is of great importance to
the millions of people who live on the slopes of some 150 volcanoes getting an average
annual rainfall of 2,702 millimeters. Production forest is a forest that is utilized as much
as possible for the benefit of its economic function; the trees that make up the production
forest can be cut down in whole or in part. In 2009, this forest category was responsible
for more than $3.2 billion in gross value added to the Indonesian economy. Logs, rattan,
pine resin, wood resin, sandalwood oil, and various other products can be obtained from
this forest type (Respatiadi, 2016).
Thus the forest is an area that plays an important role in maintaining the balance
of the environment, the forest itself must be protected so that it continues to exist. At
the moment the status of forests in Indonesia is very worrying, as the country's natural
forest cover is being cut down at an alarming rate, resulting in a continuous reduction in
forest area from year to year (deforestation). The conversion of forest functions such as
housing development, livestock, agriculture, mining plantations, infrastructure
development, and processing of wood products that are used as the main raw material
for industry are all potential causes of deforestation. Communities will suffer as a result
of the deforestation that will occur as a result of this (Elvirandini & Ma’ruf, 2018 ; Hasil
et al., 2016).
Deforestasi
Deforestation is the act of replacing a forest area into permanently non-forested
land for human activities. Deforestation indirectly changes the function of the forest which
was originally for the preservation of the environment and its ecosystem into human
interests. Deforestation is a phenomenon that occurs when the amount of forest area
decreases as a result of using land for other purposes, such as agriculture, mining, or
plantations (Kubitza, Krishna, Urban, & Qaim, 2018). There is a link between
deforestation and illegal logging that endangers all forms of life. Deforestation caused by
forest fires contributes to climate change (Panel & Change, 2018). Climate change that
causes global warming is a significant concern that arises as a direct result of
deforestation activities. deforestation is carried out recklessly and ignores the negative
impact on the environment that they have experienced on this earth until the last few
decades (Panel & Change, 2018). The destruction of Indonesia's forests is getting worse,
and it is clear that the country's forest cover is shrinking at an alarming rate; this has a
negative impact on Indonesia and the rest of the world (Cisneros, Kis-katos, &
Impact of Deforestation on Forestry and Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH)
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Nuryartono, 2021). Information from Greenpeace, Indonesia is the third country that
contributes carbon gas emissions, after the United States and China. Around eighty
percent of these emissions are caused by forest fires, which have a negative impact on
human health, such as causing prolonged shortness of breath (Nordhaus et al., 2019).
Conditions of increasing temperature that are getting hotter are evidence of global
warming. Irregular weather patterns are another sign that global warming is on the way.
Various human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, industry, and massive
deforestation, are the root causes of global warming. These activities naturally produce
carbon emissions that have an impact, known as the greenhouse effect and have a long-
term impact on life. As a result, humans are required to reduce activities that can damage
forests or activities that can cause emissions (Panel & Change, 2018). The phenomenon
known as global warming, in which the temperature is gradually increasing over almost
the entire planet, has a detrimental effect on the environmental sustainability index
(Kubitza et al., 2018).
LMDH
LMDH is an abbreviation of the Forest Village Community Institution, which is a
community institution located in the Village Forest. After the socialization action is
completed, the next step is institutional development (Subairi & Suharso, 2021). The
formation of community institutions occurs so that community goals can be
accommodated and so that community members can take part in actions designed to
maintain and conserve local forests. LMDH where people living around forest areas act
as members and administrators of the institution. Perum Forestry, the village, and the
residents themselves worked hand in hand to establish LMDH. This is done in a
coordinated effort. The LMDH management was chosen through a deliberation process,
which was then formalized into a Decree (SK) on the establishment of LMDH by the
Village Head. Then proceed with the making of a notarial deed to further strengthen the
legitimacy of the LMDH implementation. LMDH is a bridge between the community and
Perum Forestry to coordinate in the management and preservation of forest sustainability.
In addition, the function of LMDH is to accommodate the aspirations of forest village
communities in the maintenance and management of forest resources. After LMDH is
formed, Perum Forestry and LMDH will make a cooperation agreement with each other.
The forest management program cooperation agreement with the community, also
known as PHBM, is an agreement between Perum Forestry and LMDH to work together
in the management and conservation of forest resources. MoU (Memorandum of
Understanding) or a memorandum of understanding signed by the head of LMDH and
Perum Forestry is required for the formation of a cooperation agreement after the
community has signed one of these documents. that they each agree and are able to
apply the PHBM method in forest management. Then, in order to encourage cooperation
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in the management of forest resources, a Cooperation Agreement (PKS) was formed
between the Perum Forestry community and forest village communities. The notary of
the cooperation agreement aims to provide a more authoritative atmosphere in the
agreement. When carrying out CBFM operations in the LMDH lap forest area, this
partnership agreement will serve as a guide in the future (Subairi & Suharso, 2021).
Role of Forestry
The regulation and efficiency of forest resource management is the responsibility
of Perum Forestry which is a member of the State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN)
organization. Community-based forest management is one of the basic principles applied
by Perum Forestry in terms of forest resource administration (PHBM). Strategy or idea of
Community-Based Forest Management (PHBM) is an approach or concept that involves
the community in managing forest resources with the aim of prioritizing the interests of
the community. To look at the various problems that disrupt forest ecosystems, Forestry
needs to have the necessary skills to manage forest resources effectively. Not a single
exception was made for the lives of those living near the forest. The purpose of forest
resource management is to increase the number of available job opportunities, conserve
biodiversity, and work to increase the country's foreign exchange sources, while taking
into account the interests of the people living around the forest (Hasil et al., 2016).
(2) What is the principle of the implementation of the cooperation between Forestry
Malang Regency and LMDH Wonosari (actors grouped as the indigenous people of
Gunung Kawi) to reduce deforestation and forest land degradation?
The implementation of the joint program carried out between Perum Forestry KPH
Malang Regency and LMDH Wonosari uses a Public Private Partnership namely
Cooperation/Collaboration which has seven principles according to Keban (2009) in
(Elvirandini & Ma’ruf, 2018) namely: Transparency, Accountability, Participatory,
Effectiveness, Efficiency, Consensus, and Mutual Respect and Benefit. This application
approach can describe the involvement of Perum Forestry KPH Malang Regency in the
implementation of cooperation with LMDH Wonosari. These approaches are grouped with
the same items so that they can be used to analyze the implementation of the
Cooperation Program as a whole. This is a description of the principle of the approach:
1. Transparency between collaborating parties, especially when providing
data/information needed for the implementation of cooperation. This is in accordance
with the Principles of the Partnership Program because when implementing cooperation,
it must meet all the needs of both parties to realize common goals. In addition, the
principle of transparency is also in accordance with the principle of competition because
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it is stated that the choice of cooperation partners is carried out through a transparent,
open and fair selection. The stages of partnership that require the principle of
transparency are the partner selection process during the implementation of the
Partnership Program as stated in the MoU and carried out by Perum Forestry and LMDH
Wonosari. This can create good cooperation between Forestry and LMDH Wonosari. The
determination of LMDH Wonosari as a cooperation partner through a survey of critical
forest land due to degradation and deforestation. This has been mapped by Perum
Forestry Malang Regency by determining suitable land for the implementation of the
application of the intercropping system, namely in Wonosari District. After determining
the area to be used as a location for the application of coffee and taro beeng intercropping
plants. Then the initial communication was carried out by Perum Forestry and LMDH
Wonosari to the people of Kebobang Village who were members of LMDH Wonosari.
Meetings and dialogues with the community also ensured the readiness of the Kebobang
Village community to implement the Partnership Program. To realize this Partnership
Program, the partnering parties are: the Department of Agriculture, Perum Forestry KPH
Malang Regency and LMDH Wonosari by maximizing existing resources so that the
Partnership Program can be implemented successfully and reliably. In this Partnership
Program, the
sharing
only carried out between Forestry and LMDH Wonosari. The
Agriculture Service does not get
sharing
because the Agriculture Service only provides
service tasks to farmers. The profit sharing applied between Perum Forestry and LMDH
Wonosari for pine tree sap is 75% for Forestry and 25% for the community. The
distribution is not applied in the form of pine tree sap, but after the sale is realized. For
LMDH Wonosari's business results in the form of coffee, taro beneng, vanilla, ginger,
turmeric and other herbal plants, there is no
sharing
/profit sharing with Forestry. 100%
of the crop yields are enjoyed by the people who do intercropping (coffee plants are
planted between pine trees). The main requirement is that indigenous peoples (LMDH
Wonosari) must be responsible for caring for the main plant that has grown in the forest,
namely pine trees. The implementation techniques of the Partnership Program are: (a)
The community can take pine resin which can be used for the paint industry; (b) The
community can plant coffee plants on the sidelines of the pine trees; (c) The community
can plant taro beneng between the coffee plants; (d) the community can plant vanilla
plants on the sidelines of the coffee plants; (e) the community can plant ginger, turmeric
and other empon plants between the pine trees; (f) the community can also plant
elephant grass between the pine trees.
2. Accountability is the principle of cooperation between parties with responsibilities
for all activities related to the applied cooperation. This principle is in line with the
principles of Risk Control and Management because it is stated for cooperation that risk
assessment, development of implementation strategies, and prevention/mitigation of
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risks that may arise must be applied. The method applied between collaborating parties
in maximizing the results obtained from the Partnership Program is by implementing
mentoring, socialization, and training for indigenous peoples (LMDH Wonosari) to process
and obtain benefits and carry out asset monitoring from forestry land provided by Perum
Forestry Malang Regency. Other forms of accountability are coaching, mentoring,
directing, and providing other supporting facilities, so that they can be carried out
successfully. The implementation of this Partnership Program involves all parties to make
a report on the results of the collaboration as a form of accountability for their
performance. Until now, reports regarding the new partnership program will be prepared
by the Malang Regency Perum Forestry which later the report will be given to the Main
Administrator of Perum Forestry KPH Malang. The responsibility of LMDH Wonosari is to
submit reports regularly to Perum Forestry KPH Malang Regency. The report is made
every 3 (three) months in the form of a report relating to the sale of existing pine resin.
3. Participation is a principle that must be applied in the form of dialogue to set goals
to be realized. This cannot be separated from the involvement of the parties who work
together. The implementation of this Partnership Program involves the actors of Perum
Forestry KPH Malang Regency and the indigenous peoples of Wonosari Sub-district in
LMDH Wonosari. Every actor involved in implementing the Partnership Program has a
role for the success of the program. Perum Forestry acts as a provider of forest land that
will be used to plant intercropping plants (plants planted between pine trees). The role
of LMDH Wonosari is implementing a partnership program with indigenous peoples in
LMDH Wonosari implementing planting in the Gunung Kawi forest area and conserving
forest assets in collaboration.
4. Efficiency is evidence of the realization of the business carried out to obtain optimal
results with minimal resources. This resource is the implementation of the Partnership
Program by providing forestry land by Perum Forestry KPH Malang Regency for
intercropping by the LMDH Wonosari community. The implementation of this Partnership
Program can reduce deforestation and land degradation so that forest land productivity
can increase and bring prosperity to the community and the forest remains sustainable.
This is realized because the management of land and production plants will be optimal
when the Partnership Program is held because there is community involvement and
participation. The implementation of this Partnership Program can increase the role of
indigenous peoples in LMDH Wonosari to manage available forest land, and can even
change the habits of indigenous peoples who used to only provide straw as animal feed
and then provide elephant grass (products from forest land). Monitoring the realization
of this Partnership Program can be carried out routinely with regular monitoring and
evaluation.
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5. Effectiveness is something that must be considered in implementing cooperation.
Measuring the success of the program must be made with comparisons referring to the
targets/objectives that have been set with the actual results. The realization of the
objectives in the implementation of the Partnership Program are: (a) The productivity of
critical forest lands due to degradation and deforestation must be increased. (b) The
involvement/role of indigenous peoples around the forest in forest reforestation must be
increased because the role of the community is consciously willing to carry out the care
and protection of existing forest land assets so that the sustainability of the forest is
maintained. (c) The risk of forest reforestation failure which has been solely borne by
Perum Forestry can be minimized. The active participation of indigenous peoples in
managing and protecting forests is proof of the responsibility given by Forestry to
indigenous peoples. (d) The independence of indigenous peoples around the forest can
be empowered and enhanced. This can be realized because with the implementation of
the Partnership Program with a long period of time so that intercropping agricultural
businesses appear on the sidelines of pine trees in forest areas such as coffee farming,
industrial processing of pine resin into turpentine/paint, management of herbal plant
products. so that it will open up employment opportunities for indigenous
peoples/around. (e) The central government program can be realized, namely national
food sovereignty. The existence of the Partnership Program in Wonosari District has led
to an increase in the welfare of indigenous peoples in the agriculture, animal husbandry,
paint industry, tourism and the economy of indigenous peoples. In addition, the
objectives of implementing this Partnership Program can also be realized.
6. Consensus on the implementation of the Partnership Program with cooperation that
there must be an agreement which is a meeting point of interest on all parties for an
approved decision. This consensus was drawn up by all the parties working together. The
implementation of this Partnership Program arises because of problems that arise in the
agricultural sector and the forestry sector in Malang Regency. The existence of this
problem has forced the Malang Regency Government and Perum Forestry to solve the
problem by making and signing the MoU and its realization.
7. Mutual respect and mutual benefit are principles that must be realized when
implementing a cooperation. This principle is the basis for making decisions or
implementing cooperation mechanisms. This principle is in accordance with the principle
of usefulness which states that cooperation is implemented to contribute to the economic
and social benefits of the community. The implementation of this Partnership Program
involves all parties who work together so that they never lose and can get many benefits.
Impact of Deforestation on Forestry and Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH)
Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol 1 (9), Juni 2022
1016
The social benefits that can be realized during the implementation of the Partnership
Program are: (a) Land readiness to plant high value industrial plants such as: coffee,
vanilla, taro beneng, ginger, turmeric, other herbal plants and elephant grass for animal
feed can be fulfilled by planting grass elephants on the sidelines of pine trees on existing
forestry land. (b) Can reduce deforestation and land degradation (c) can improve
community welfare. (d) Forest preservation and security can be maintained. (e) The
establishment of an industry related to herbal plants originating from intercropping
agriculture between the Pine Trees. (f) This intercropping agriculture can reduce
unemployment because the surrounding community can be involved in it. (g) The fertility
of forest land increases and affects pine trees and their sap yields because they receive
regular/periodic fertilization.
CONCLUSION
Based on the explanation of the results of the research, in the Partnership Program
collaboration organized by Perum Forestry KPH Malang Regency and LMDH Wonosari in
forest management with the Partnership Program, it can be concluded that the
implementation of the cooperation can be realized successfully. This article describes the
7 (seven) principles of cooperation according to Keban (2009) in (Elvirandini & Ma’ruf,
2018) namely: Transparency, Accountability, Participatory, Efficiency, Effectiveness,
Consensus and Mutual Respect and Benefit. The principle of transparency can be seen
and stated in the process of determining partners which is realized between Perum
Forestry KPH Malang Regency and LMDH Wonosari. LMDH also surveys the location of
critical forest lands that have been mapped by Perum Forestry, then determines the land
that matches the criteria with intercropping plants, namely in the Gunung Kawi forest,
Wonosari District. Furthermore, there were initial discussions which were realized through
meetings and dialogues with indigenous peoples. The meeting also ensured the readiness
of the Wonosari District community in implementing the Partnership Program. All parties
also prepare their own resources to support the implementation of the continued
implementation of the Partnership Program. Profit sharing/sharing is only applied
between Perum Forestry and LMDH Wonosari. In the principle of accountability, it is
explained that all parties involved in cooperation have a method and form of
accountability for maximum results from the Partnership Program. The physical form of
accountability given by Perum Forestry is in the form of socialization, assistance, guidance
and direction during the initial and final planting process. Meanwhile, LMDH Wonosari
carries out forest conservation by safeguarding the assets (forest land) that it collaborates
with. The form of accountability for the performance results of all collaborating parties is
required to compile reports related to the development of the Partnership Program. Based
on the participatory principle, the actors who participate in the implementation of this
Partnership Program are Perum Forestry KPH Malang Regency and the indigenous
Impact of Deforestation on Forestry and Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH)
Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol 1 (9), Juni 2022
1017
peoples who are members of LMDH Wonosari. Both actors play a role in the success of
the objectives of the Partnership Program. The principle of efficiency is stated through
the implementation of the Partnership Program which can increase the fertility of forest
land and increase the yield of industrial crops belonging to the community. This is realized
because the productivity of intercropping more optimal when the Partnership Program is
implemented due to the active involvement of indigenous peoples in it. Monitoring and
evaluation of the implementation of this Partnership Program is carried out by Perum
Forestry KPH Malang Regency on a regular basis. The principle of effectiveness can be
stated through the implementation of the Partnership Program in Wonosari District,
namely the change in productivity that increases in the agriculture, forestry, and
indigenous peoples' economy. The purpose of implementing this Partnership Program is
also realized by evidence of an increase in the economic welfare of the community. Then
the principle of consensus can be stated through the implementation of cooperation in
this Partnership Program based on the Cooperation Agreement (PKS) between the
Chairperson of LMDH Wonosari and the President Director of Perum Forestry as evidence
that the Partnership Program cooperation has been implemented. However, until
now/currently the PKS for this Partnership Program is still in the process stage. In
addition, this consensus principle also explains the problems and obstacles that arise
during the implementation of the cooperation program, so that they can be resolved
through collaboration and coordination methods between the collaborating parties.
Coordination/collaboration that is held between the parties who work together to solve
problems that arise must be in accordance with the problems that arise in the field. The
implementation of this Partnership Program wants to be carried out continuously because
it is a long-term program. This program also wants to be applied in other areas. The last
principle is mutual respect and mutual benefit, which can be explained regarding the
implementation of this Partnership Program, which can contribute benefits from both
economic and social aspects. During the implementation/implementation of this
Partnership Program, the collaborating/collaborating parties do not lose out because of
the perceived benefits.
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Dwi Ekasari Harmadji, Sri Hastutik, Sonny Leksono, Achmad Mamduh (2022)
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Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science
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