THE DYNAMIC OF CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM UNICEF TO REDUCING VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN IN INDONESIA

The construction industry is still one of the biggest contributors to the number of accidents in Indonesia, this explains the low safety performance in construction projects. The low safety performance is proof that safety has not become a priority and has not become a culture. The maturity level of safety culture in the construction industry is at a reactive level, which means it is still very low and efforts need to be made to continuously improve it. The results of the literature study state that there are several efforts that can be made to improve safety culture, namely in terms of leadership, safety behavior, safety planning, individual capabilities, and reporting and evaluation. Safety leadership has the greatest role in enhancing safety culture. Safety leadership is part of a leadership system which is defined as the process of interaction of leaders with followers to achieve safety. Improved safety culture can improve safety performance on construction projects. The purpose of this study was to determine the variables and indicators of safety leadership that can be a part of improving safety culture and the variables and indicators that are used to measure safety performance. The results of these indicators are expected to be a concern for improvement and references to improve safety culture and affect the safety performance of construction projects, so as to reduce the number of accidents in construction projects.


INTRODUCTION
Violence against children is not a new issues that happened in over the world. Violence is a form of aggression which meant to harm people. This Aggression is continuously repeated or to be learn by repeatation of act itself. There is some forms of Aggression such as, physical aggression (punching, kicking, pinching, and another physical act) and verbal aggression (mocking, yelling, etc) (Riddell, 2014). Generally, violence can be defined as an act doing by person toward another which causes physical and psychological injury (Praditya, Wimbarti, & Helmi, 1999). To understand means of violence against children, first we have to grasp "child" itself based on the law and children convention. On article 1 of Convention on the rights of the child declare that a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier (Wahid, Irfan, & Hasan, 2001). Based on Indonesian Number 23 year 2002, define child as a person who haven't reach 18 years old, including person who is still inside a womb (Verhellen, 2015). Sudarti argues that there are four types of violence: Physical violence (an act that usually related with pushing, pinching, punching, kicking, burn wound, hitting with tools, harming with sharp tools, splashing with hot water or chemical, shooting and sinking); Psychologic violence (an act which delivering bad words as an emotion release); Sexual violence (an act that commits with sexual contact which consist of forcing and attacking person without considering the relation between them); and Neglect (a form of negligence in providing necessity such as health, foods, clothes, etc) (Zulbachri, 2016). The perpetrators of violence against children mostly are parent, sibling, uncle, aunty, friend, teacher, neighbor and stranger. In general, it is occur to a child who is introvert. Violence resulting a complicated problem which one of them is causes severe trauma for their victim. Children who get violence often afraid to report the act due to some type of violence in Indonesia still counted as a common thing. In general, violence against children are not spontaneously but also influenced by family or environment surround. Meanwhile, Richard Gelles argue that violence against children can be trigger through four categories such as inheritance violence (learn violence from parent); social stress (related to social condition such as economic condition); social isolation (occur in parent who never join in social activity); Family structure (does not have a good relation inside a family itself) (Rahayu & Day, 2015).
On behalf of international community that have obligation to reduce a number of violence in a country, so Indonesia decided to ratified Convention on the rights of the child through Keppres number 36 year 1990 on august 25,1990. Hence, Indonesian government issues a constitution number 23 year 2002 about child protection. In implementing child protection, Indonesia also join cooperation with UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Fund). UNICEF is international organization under United Nation that commits for keeping children rights. UNICEF also help Indonesia to protect children from violence behavior through their child protection system. This system while implemented should have cooperation with national actors and adjustment with Indonesian Constitution. Eillen Munro on Child Protection book defines child protection itself as a part of safeguarding and promoting welfare. This refers to the activity which is undertaken to protect specific children who are suffering or are at risk of suffering significant harm ( (Putri & Setyawan, 2014). Child protection is difficult to implement due to parent often put their perspective that how to take care a children is a part of their family privacy. So, regarding to that matter, government as a high authority in a country, need to do intervene toward a family to assure children rights.
It is important to make a strategy and commitment between actors. While implementing child protection, UNICEF has six strategies which already formulated to preventing and responding any forms of violence against children. Six strategies that UNICEF uses are: a) supporting parents, caregivers and families; b) helping children and adolescents manage risk and challenges; c) Changing attitudes and social norms that encourage violence and discrimination; d) promoting and providing support services for children; e) implementing laws and policies that protect children; carrying out data collection and research (ICSS Journal, 2016). Those strategies were needed to achieve goals in child protection system. As a part of activity that related to implementation, UNICEF also need step to analyze those strategies. While analyzing, there is approachment needed to oversee all the elements which involving government, families, communities, non government organization and international organization. Human Rights based approach is an approachment that often used to gauge the system implementation that related to human rights including violence. Aside of the approach, another matter that should do is collect the information, analyzing forms of violence, and formulated the framework system.
Child protection is involving a lot of capacities such as strengthening government capacity to fulfill their obligation on children rights. In Indonesia, child protection is helping Indonesian government to adjust the entire program from local level until national level along with another NGO and grassroots communities. In advocacy, UNICEF encourages Indonesian government to improve their law which related to legal protection for children. Aside of it, UNICEF providing technical support to adopt that law in local level. Beside advocacy and cooperation, UNICEF also invite all the businessman to contribute on child protection through in-kind assistance where the actors will mobilize resources to support that protection system in a donation forms. These actors are Indomaret, Alfamart, Alfamidi, BCA, Bank Muamalat, Matahari Department Store, and Isuzu Astra Motor (UNICEF, 2016). In implementing Child Protection system, UNICEF also giving aid to Indonesian government around $146 million in 2015 (UNICEF, 2016). This support as a part of humanitarian action in a form of children rights fulfillment.
Even though there is a lot of forms of cooperation and support from many actors, a number of violence in Indonesia still high and continue to increase every year. In beginning of 2011, a number of physical violence on children around 94 children and in a year 2014 reach until 273 children. Likewise, sexual violence against children in a 2011 reaches 2016 children and keep rising until 656 children in a 2014 (Rahayu & Day, 2015). In this research try to describe a dynamic on implementation process in children protection system that belong to UNICEF. This also will examine to what extent this system meet a problem while implementing in Indonesia.

METHOD
This research method is a qualitative model, which will gain a data from field studies and literature studies. This research will collect data from related document directly from KPAI Indonesia, UNICEF and also field interview directly with actor that involved in this child protection system. Data collection will be conducted and analyzed with qualitative descriptive.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Violence against children in Indonesia continues to rising. Even amid efforts from Government, International Organization, NGO and community which implemented simultaneously, violence keep occur in their close circle. Here is some table that shows a number of children violence in Indonesia around 2011-2014. The Dynamic of Child Protection System Unicef To Reducing Violence Against Children In Indonesia From tables above showing that sexual violence against children continue to rise than other violence especially in 2014 from 343 to 656 children. Especially in sexual violence which put children as a victim. It stated that serious acts were needed to lessen cases in sexual violence context but also have to keep solving another forms of violence.
The perpetrator of violence against children in Indonesia often related to their family. Here is diagram which contains of data that showing most perpetrator of violence against children in Indonesia from 2014-2015 (Rahayu & Day, 2015).

Fig 4. Actors of Children Violence in Indonesia (2014-2015)
From diagram above, it shows that most perpetrator of violence against children were doing by their own father with percentage around 28%, then it follow by their own mother around 21%. It declares that mostly, violence was doing by their own family circle inside the house. Aside of family circle, children also vulnerable with their surround even strangers which is depict by diagram above with percentage around 7%. Usually it happened when children playing outside their house.
To prevent such violence from perpetrator and to diminished large number of violence on children in Indonesia, UNICEF using their approach with child protection system which has three main point that refers to the system itself, the purpose of the system and also the status of the children. The purpose if that approachment is to eradicate violence and encourage children for achieving well being status. The well being status means that children are free from any forms of violence in their growth. Here is framework of child protection system that often used by UNICEF in many countries which involved government (UNICEF, 2015).

Fig 5. Key Component of Child Protection System
On the diagram shows that child protection hasan element system which consists of structure, function, capacity, continuum care, process of care and accountability. While implementing this system, in order to adjust the national and international law, they have to refers to Human Rights Based Approach. It is needed especially in enforcement part. In general, this approach is a form of framework which adjusts International rights and national rights as a basic of a system which ready to implement. (UNICEF, 2016).

Fig 6. Rights-Based Approach Navigator
In this approach to fulfill every human rights, need to do intervention as their responsibilities. This framework as a navigator in child protection system in Indonesia. Actors who runs this navigator in order to fulfill children rights are local and national actors, KPPA (Komisi Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak), KPAI (Komisi Perlindungan Anak) and NGO which related to children protection. All actors will supervised by KOMNASHAM. UNICEF also doing advocacy and provide technical support to adopt child protection law which based on system in local/sub-national level. Cooperation between UNICEF and NGO in national level such as SOS children's village in advocacy support produce a revision in child protection law (Kementerian Sosial, 2016). Though Human Rights Based Approach is a most suitable approach for fulfill rights, but in the implementation process there is some dynamic problems especially on distinct perspectives in many parties. Likewise, there is a lot of Indonesian Law which in making process is not referring to HRBA and focus on giving punishment than prevention. Furthermore, UNICEF also holds a partnership event to deliver their intention that related to advocacy. By this event, business actors will carry out their business whilst keeping and promoting child rights.
In promoting and keeping child rights context, UNICEF uses seven main points to strive for children rights. It is dignity; best interest of the child; non-discrimination; life, survival and development;participation; interdependence and invisibility; transparency and accountability (Burnell et al., 2007). These principles mostly are use to give a border which matter that related to rights that could children have. To implement those principles, UNICEF also have join cooperation to develop child friendly in education program. This program was implemented in Papua. There are two modules, namely "Positive discipline" and "Creating Connection" (Bappenas & UNICEF, 2015). Positive Discipline modules were created as an alternative education for children without any forms of violence or punishment. Whereabouts Creative Connection modules for parents and adolescents with purposes to develop their communication skill in order to solve daily problems and building a positive vibes between their relations. Those modules are need a suitable circle to execute it precisely. Furthermore, for creating friendly environment for children are needed. So that, UNICEF and local level put focus on inventing child friendly zone which mostly carry out by school, play ground and other public places.

Dynamics of Implementation UNICEF Child Protection System in Indonesia.
Actor and context showing actors who involve in child protection system such as family, communities, government, NGO and other related organization. While structure defines a relation between actors and parties inside the system. It execute on a forms of cooperation, forum meeting and dialog. It has a purpose to keep the relation between the actor and also reporting a development of child protection implementation. Those activities mostly are doing in government level. Whilst in family level, parents and children in general are build a good relation or communication with their surround and it performed in some socialization activity.
In function context is explains about three components such as governance, management and enforcement. This function is keeping system balance through surveillance on policy implementation between UNICEF and government so it will compatible with the system. So far, this function is difficult to carry out in community level due to every society were implement their own policy or system; hence it will cause it overlapping. When the system is overlapping, communities will be confused on how to respond violence surround them.
Capacity as a context itself consist of three element which referring to resources, infrastructure and funding. In here, funding is carrying out by UNICEF and other related NGO in donation form. It is difficult to manage the funding which actor gets from donation due to lack of resources and infrastructure. In resources just limited number of society that already train with skill and knowledge of child protection. So, they also cannot run and make a good infrastructure to maximize the implementation system. Hence, continuum care also has three important elements such as promotion, prevention and response. In formal level, UNICEF and government making a good video campaign with "Kami Orang Tuanya" as a video theme and it disseminate through many mass media. Whereas in informal level, society are making a campaign by marching on the street with some banners which written "Stop Kekerasan". In form of response a report of violence, it has system that will do "intervention services" and "intervention respond" (Anak & DAN, 2015).
Process of care consists of identification and reporting, investigation, evaluation and follow-up. In identification and reporting UNICEF make U-reporting with communities which involving teenagers so they will actively report any form if violence that they get. It will be reported through "panic button" that made officially by KPAI (UNICEF, 2015). But it is not easy to execute in a field due to lack of socialization, hence many children do not have access to the phone to report it. Where the "panic button" only carry out by Smartphone. So, many reports often through investigation from KPAI and Police department. Where it is consume a long time to process the report. While in treatment and follow-up were performed by KPAI, social ministry and other related NGO such as SOS children and Save the Children. It is to ensure that victim is ready to join back in their society but mostly it just works on emergency cases.
Then, accountability carries out data collecting, standard quality, research, analysis and communication. In this part, while implementing in a field, society do not understand even if they get related training. In some condition, there is many staffs who did not implement well the system and even become the perpetrator in violence consciously. All the chain system which mention above actually running simultaneously. Nevertheless, there is some spheres which cannot be practice well according to standard system such as culture which is still persuade the way of actor think so it will lead them become ignorance to violence. In a result, there is still a lot of society who deemed violence that they do as a common matter. It occur due to they think that children are belongs to their parents so they way they do discipline their children even if with violence is as a part of parent rights. That perspective is one of contribution factors that make a child protection system even difficult to implement.
Those things are also strengthened by Salim who is manager facilitator SOS Children Yogyakarta. He said that to overcome culture problem, it should be integrally, not just in a form of family assistance but also have to involving communities and stakeholders in local level. He also said, so far, those efforts is effective to change communities perspectives in some local areas, but the problem is, we need more support and resources while competent resources are still limited (Wulczyn et al., 2010). He also mention, somehow resources that belongs to government have tendency to repeat a running program without skill approachment and often have a motto 'it is okay as long as program running' (Asril, 2016). In fact, what all the actors need is not only motto but also skill and creativity to inviting communities to participate actively. If just based only to run the programwithout intention to solve the problem, it will causes repeated action without produce an effective outcomes.
Aside of it, UNICEF and other related NGO have troublesome to do intervention in some policies that government made, especially on policy of sexual violence. Other actors except government only act as a facilitator. So, government and ministry or department under government direct supervision that can make such intervention hence will be continued by law enforcement to give sanction for the perpetrators. The law enforcement itself, still meet some obstacle due to lack of awareness to report and also afraid of being involved in court. It causes many witnesses reluctant to report.
Lack of report and lack of data can obstacle continuously in research. While in other side, research is also an important part in child protection system. Without simultaneous research, all actor will find a difficulties when want to mapping or finding problems in a field. Hence, problem that never found will never be overcome and it will cause number of violence against children in Indonesia still increasing.

CONCLUSION
Child protection system is a tools that used by UNICEF to support and help some countries to eradicate all forms of violence against children. Indonesia is one of the countries that get that support. Aside of system as a support, UNICEF also help Indonesia through funding and resources in order to achieving goals in decreasing number of violence against children. Child protection system was running in accordance with pilot system which already formulated by UNICEF. While running the system, adjustments with similar system were needed to avoid overlapping policies in a system. UNICEF support Indonesian law system with Human Rights Based Approach and Children Convention so it will adjust all applicable laws whether in national or international level.
A number of weaknesses in implementation step causes number of violence against children in Indonesia keep high. Even so, in some field implementation there is goal that child protection system achieve while implemented in Indonesia. Dynamic implementation in child protection system occurs because of some aspects such as law and culture obstruct the action in the system. Hence, system of data gathering and also assistance for victim are not centered. Those activities causes communities just follow own policies which will lead it into overlapping system. That overlapping system will even make the child protection system find difficulties to unite all actors in chain system.