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THE GOVERNMENT'S STRATEGY AND EFFORTS TO ERADICATE
CORRUPTION IN INDONESIA
Muhammad Nasir
Painan Academy of Law, Serang, Banten, Indonesia
muhammadnasir16041966@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Published: October 31
st
, 2022
This study identifies corrupt behavior based on the terminology, the
Government's efforts to eradicate corruption in Indonesia. However, the
most important thing to reduce the level of corruption in Indonesia is the
prevention of corruption. This can be done, among others, through concepts,
programs to legislative products. The National Integrity System for
preventing corruption in Indonesia can run optimally. Factors that cause
the High Abuse of Corruption in Indonesia. Internal factors. The causes of
corruption in internal factors are: Greed or greedy nature possessed by
humans. Humans are not easily satisfied with what they have today.
External factors include: Politics where political factors influence the
occurrence of corruption because basically politics itself is related to
power. The results show that corruption is an act to enrich themselves, their
families, groups, and corporations by violating the rules, violating norms.
The cause of corruption is individual motivation and a bad government
organizational system, and the influence of corruption will increase if it is
supported by an environment where bad individuals and systems exist.
Based on the above, the strategy that can be taken by the Government of
Indonesia is to immediately carry out a Memorandum of Understanding
with law enforcement agencies; all financial transactions in government
using electronic or online transactions; the government establishes a task
force for eradicating extortion in the government; enforce financial
reporting on officials in the scope of government; open access to public
monitoring through electronic databases; and integrity pact-based
performance measurement.
Keywords: eradication,
corruption, prevention
This work is licensed under CC
BY-SA 4.0
INTRODUCTION
The high level of corruption in Indonesia is due to the weak laws in Indonesia in overcoming
corruption, so that it is easy for corruptors to play these dirty deeds. The rise of corruption cases
has recently made people horrified to hear about how not various records about corruption are
almost daily reported by the mass media, both electronic and print media. The mass media has
always launched corruption cases involving a number of names of the highest officials in
Indonesia. One of the indicators or parameters that pay attention to the weak law in Indonesia is
the lack of public trust in the rule of law in their own country.
If corruption is difficult to eradicate by the government from the upper class, there needs to
be changes to overcome and eradicate corruption from the things that are considered the smallest
to the biggest. The smallest thing is time corruption or energy corruption, the simplest of time
corruption for officials is when doing a job according to the dateline but procrastinating work for
some reason, while energy corruption when told to clean the office space delays the work and tells
others to teach it. These simple things are indeed taken for granted but if they are not changed they
can become a habit later. Reducing or eradicating corruption is to take a precaution first.
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Corruption prevention is carried out for the future such as providing corruption prevention subjects
in the Indonesian curriculum. With this, it is hoped that it can reduce the number of corruption in
Indonesia. Therefore, the higher the crime rate regarding corruption, the more influential it is on
life.
People's lives are currently experiencing many gaps, especially when the pandemic continues
to accompany, not knowing when it will end. The gap is visible in economics, health, education,
justice and other areas. Corruption has further added to the gap due to the worsening distribution
of wealth. If now the gap between rich and poor is so gaping, then corruption is widening that gap
even more. Naturally, it is increasingly experienced by society because its way of thinking and
perspective all lead to the happiness of the world. It's as if the bastions of religion are far apart
from how to interpret life and be happy. This way of thinking and views was born out of the living
system of secular capitalism. A living system that makes it easier for people to neglect the Creator's
rules and act as they please. One of them is this corruption case. No matter how the rules of Allah
Almighty. about management, ownership and other things around property. Treasure seems to be
more important than being careful with the eternal torments of hell. Therefore, corruption will
continue to occur and be rampant in this system of secular capitalism which in fact is a man-made
system. Although various rules have been made, revision of the rules also continues to occur. That
is, the current system of life will find it difficult to eradicate corruption. Now, the community is
also increasingly entangled with the efforts of the ruler who is increasingly creative with various
state rules.
Thus, to determinewhat is the cause of corruption can be used the concept of fraud triangle.
According to this concept, corruption occurs due to three things. Corruption occurs due to pressure,
justification, and opportunities. Corruption can occur due to pressure both from within (internal)
and outside (external). Pressure from within in the form of a lavish lifestyle and financial problems.
The habit of living a luxurious life and or the presence of financial problems pushes a person to
earn money by means of corruption. External pressure is in the form of an impulse from the
environment that requires someone to commit corruption. This outside pressure is in the form of a
person's compulsion to commit corruption.
Baharudin Lopa, in his book Corruption Crimes and Law Enforcement, 2001.explains that if
a person does not commit corruption, he will not be able to survive the environment. The next
thing that causes corruption is the justification of attitudes. A person commits corruption because
he feels that what he is doing is something that is not wrong. In addition, the justification of the
attitude of corruption occurs because he feels that others are also doing the same. This justification
of attitude occurs because of one's lack of understanding of corruption. The last thing that causes
a person to commit corruption is the opportunity. This opportunity arises because of insufficient
oversight in a system. The existing system does not support the prevention or supervision of
corruption. Based on the above, the thing that causes corruption can be divided into two
dimensions. The first dimension is one's self. The factors that cause corruption of oneself are
pressure from within and also the justification of attitudes. The second dimension is the
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environment or system. In this second dimension, it consists of pressure from the outside and
opportunity.
According to Jeremy Pope (2003) that the anatomy of corruption is strongly influenced by
the dynamics, living culture, lifestyle and influence of the moral environment of its people, social
institutions and social institutions that grow in society. The process of classification and
identification shows that the problem of corruption has become a social phenomenon, and with the
sociological study of crime derived from the science of criminology, it can be understood about
the causes of the typology or form, type and modus operandi of corruption that has become
increasingly complex in the 21
st
century. A regarding the interest of the people often, they
corruption is identified with the problem of state administration. In fact, corruption does not only
occur in the administration of the state but, corruption also occurs in the administration of an
organization, including corporations. The imbalance in reporting on corruption makes a dichotomy
in interpreting corruption. Corruption has decreased in meaning because it is seen as a state
problem only. To understand what is the cause of corruption can be used the concept of fraud
triangle.
According to this concept, corruption occurs due to three things. Corruption occurs due to
pressure, justification, and opportunities. Corruption can occur due to pressure both from within
(internal) and outside (external). Pressure from within in the form of a lavish lifestyle and financial
problems. The habit of living a luxurious life and or the presence of financial problems pushes a
person to earn money by means of corruption. External pressure is in the form of an impulse from
the environment that requires someone to commit corruption. This outside pressure is in the form
of a person's compulsion to commit corruption. If a person does not commit corruption, he will
not be able to survive the environment.
The next thing that causes corruption is the justification of attitudes. A person commits
corruption because he feels that what he is doing is something that is not wrong. In addition, the
justification of the attitude of corruption occurs because he feels that others are also doing the
same. This justification of attitude occurs because of one's lack of understanding of corruption.
The last thing that causes a person to commit corruption is the opportunity. This opportunity arises
because of insufficient oversight in a system. The existing system does not support the prevention
or supervision of corruption. Based on the above, the thing that causes corruption can be divided
into two dimensions. The first dimension is one's self. The factors that cause corruption of oneself
are pressure from within and also the justification of attitudes. The second dimension is the
environment or system. In this second dimension, it consists of pressure from the outside and
opportunity.
Basically, the author sees that Corruption is an unappreciative act committed by individuals
and groups in an effort to enrich oneself and the group from legally illegal sources of opinion.
Corruption is an act that is contrary to the importance and function of Pancasila as the view of life
of the Indonesian nation. In addition, acts of corruption also hurt the noble values of Pancasila as
the basis of the state. In today's era of globalization, corruption seems to be a culture in society
until a statement is heard that mentions "congregational corruption".
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Therefore, the Indonesian government is trying to carry out anti-corruption measures that
have targeted the scope of small communities so that the Indonesian state does not experience a
decline in various aspects and fields due to the impact of this corruption itself. The efforts made
by the government in eradicating corruption consist of prevention efforts, enforcement efforts, and
education efforts. The three government efforts are discussed further in this article.
From the a-n description above, the author will try to conduct research n normatively
examine from book materials and expert opinions regarding the government's strategy and efforts
to eradicate corruption in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to examine the government's
strategies and efforts to eradicate corruption in Indonesia and the factors that cause the highuse of
corruption in Indonesia.
METHOD
The approach used in this research is normative juridical or normative legal research, namely
by studying and studying law as a rule or system of normative legal rules in the field of law
(Ibrahim, 2005).
The library materials include primary legal materials (primary sources of authorities) in the
form of statutory provisions, secondary legal materials (secondary sources of authorities) in the
form of textbooks, litaratur and writings of experts in general. In addition, a theoretical basis is
traced in the form of expert opinions or information from the authorities.
The materials collected are analyzed using normative qualitative analysis techniques, namely
by interpreting, correlating, and comparing legal materials. Data collection techniques in this study
were carried out through library research through searching library materials (Soekanto, 2001).
In the preparation and writing of this research, research specifications are used which are
descriptive analysis. Analytical descriptive research seeks to reveal the rules of legislation related
to legal theories that are the object of research. Likewise, the law in its implementation in society
with regard to the object of study.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The Government's Efforts to Eradicate Corruption in Indonesia
According to Gunnar Myrda (2010), people who clearly commit acts of corruption can
continue to do so without fear of punishment, will strengthen the belief that this form of social
behavior is common in society, this is why people do not have to commit the Koruspi Pindana Act
even though it is known that Indonesia is a country of law described in Article 1 paragraph 3 of
the 1945 Constitution: As a legal state, Indonesia's state power is exercised through existing laws
in Indonesia. All existing problems are resolved by applicable law, including the issue of
preventing corruption cases. The eradication of corruption is an action to prevent and eradicate
corruption through investigations, investigations, prosecutions, and examinations in court
hearings, with the participation of the community based on applicable laws and regulations. Where
there are three things that need to be underlined, namely preventing, eradicating in the sense of
cracking down on perpetrators of corruption, and community participation. The KPK is an
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independent institution, in carrying out its duties there is no interference from any party. In the
eradication of corruption in Indonesia, one of the institutions relied on is that the Corruption
Eradication Commission performs its duties and authorities independently and free from the
influence of any power. In the eradication of corruption in Indonesia, one of the institutions relied
on is the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). The achievements of the Corruption
Eradication Commission (KPK), which used to be exaggerated by the public, are now considered
by the public to be declining compared to before.
The task of the KPK is to improve the results of efforts to eradicate corruption. As a society
that wants the Indonesian state to be free from corruption, of course the KPK is expected to work
well in creating a corruption-free Indonesia. The trust of the great public in the anti-corruption
institution must always continue to grow. Sometimes, a series of weakening of the eradication of
corruption is common, corruptors can be relaxed for remission or other legal reductions or prison
terms. With the prevention to eradicate corruption, the role of society is also urgently needed, Law
Number 31 of 1999 Jo Law No.20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes in
Article 41 paragraph (5) and Article 42 paragraph (5) emphasizes that the procedures for
implementing community participation and awarding awards in the prevention and eradication of
corruption crimes need to be regulated by a Government Regulation.
According to Winarso Zain, a paper entitled "Reform and Anti-Corruption Strategy", in the
book "Corruption of the Common Enemy", Corruption Prevention Agency, he stated that the
Government's efforts in eradicating corruption are not easy. Although various efforts have been
made to eradicate corruption, there are still some obstacles in its implementation. Hand-catching
operations (OTT) have often been carried out by the KPK, the demands and verdicts imposed by
law enforcement have also been quite harsh, but corruption is still being carried out. One of the
efforts that must be made by the government in eradicating corruption is through preventive
measures. This precautionary measure is intended so that people have a strong stronghold to avoid
acts that reflect acts of corruption in their daily lives. Efforts to prevent corruption are carried out
by the government based on the basic values of Pancasila so that the preventive measures do not
conflict with the values of Pancasila itself. The preventive measures taken by the government in
order to carry out efforts to eradicate corruption in the territory of the Indonesian state include:
Prevention Efforts
Cultivation of the National Spirit
The cultivation of a positive national spirit is carried out by the Indonesian government in
the form of counseling or general appreciation of the values of Pancasila as the personality of the
Indonesian nation. A personality based on Pancasila is a personality that upholds the national spirit
in the application of Pancasila in everyday life. With the cultivation of the national spirit of
Pancasila in the community, public awareness of the impact of corruption on the state and society
will increase. This will encourage the Indonesian people to avoid various forms of corruption in
their daily lives for the survival of their nation and state.
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Conducting Honest Employee Admissions
Prevention efforts as a form of efforts to eradicate corruption carried out by the government
can be carried out through honest and open acceptance of the state apparatus. Honesty and
openness in the admission of employees carried out by the government shows the government's
serious efforts to eradicate corruption related to bribery in the admission of employees. The
government, which has tried to take precautions in the recruitment of employees, needs to be
welcomed by the public, especially in supporting the government's efforts. If the government has
tried in such a way to prevent corruption in the management of the state apparatus but the public
still provides an opportunity for it to happen.
Corruption, prevention efforts made by the government can be futile. In addition, if public
behavior that provides opportunities for corrupt acts in employee admissions is continued, it is
undeniable that corrupt practices will last until they can cause conflicts between the community
and government officials.
Appeal to the Community
Appeals to the public are also made by the government in an effort to prevent it as a form of
efforts to eradicate corruption among the community. The appeal is usually carried out by the
government through counseling activities in small communities and emphasizes the latent danger
of corruption in the Indonesian state. In addition, the appeal made by the government to the public
emphasizes what can trigger corruption among the people to the government elite.
Community Welfare Business
The government's efforts to eradicate corruption are also carried out through prevention
efforts in the form of public welfare efforts carried out by the government. The government is in
the form of welfare of the community through the provision of public facilities and the
establishment of policies that regulate the welfare of the people. The welfare of the people sought
by the government is not only physical welfare but also mental health. It is hoped that through
efforts for community welfare that can improve the welfare of life, it can provide reinforcement to
the community to minimize the occurrence of corruption in the community so that it can realize a
civilized society that is clean from corruption in daily life.
Asset Re-recording
Asset re-recording is carried out by the government in order to monitor the circulation of
assets owned by the community. In 2017, the government established a policy for its people to
report their assets as a form of effort to prevent corruption that can occur in the community. The
recording of assets owned by the community is not only in the form of cash assets stored in banks,
but also for other ownership assets in the form of goods or land. In addition, the government also
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conducts research on the origin of assets owned by the community to find out whether the assets
owned by the community indicate corruption crimes or not.
Enforcement Efforts
As for the enforcement efforts carried out by the Indonesian government against perpetrators
of corruption crimes. In carrying out efforts to crack down on corruption, the government is
assisted by an independent anti-corruption agency, namely the KPK (Corruption Eradication
Commission) The enforcement carried out by the KPK since the KPK was established in 2002 has
produced results that can be called maximizing results. The KPK's crackdown on corruption is a
non-playful and indiscriminate effort. Anyone who is indicated to have committed a criminal act
of corruption will be acted upon by this independent institution without exception. In carrying out
its duties, the KPK requires the role of the judiciary in upholding justice in Indonesia, especially
those related to corruption crimes. Of course, the implementation of the judicial process is carried
out in accordance with the mechanisms of the judicial system in Indonesia and based on applicable
laws and regulations. The government's enforcement through the KPK against perpetrators of
corruption crimes is intended to provide a deterrent effect to the perpetrators and indirectly provide
shock therapy to people who intend to commit corruption crimes both within the government and
in everyday life.
Educational Efforts
Educational efforts made by the government in its efforts to eradicate corruption are efforts
made through the educational process. The education process in Indonesia is carried out in three
types, namely formal, informal, and non-formal education. Through the education process, the
public is given anti-corruption education from an early age so that the public is fully aware of the
dangers of corruption for countries, especially the Indonesian state.In addition, through education
provided by the government, the role of students in eradicating corruption can also be maximized
so that these students can set a good example for their younger siblings and for the general public
on how to eradicate corruption from within themselves. Educational efforts carried out by the
government are also included as an effort to build the character of the nation in the era of
globalization to eradicate the growth of a culture of corruption that can harm the life of society and
state.
According to the author, if this is carried out by the Government on an ongoing basis, it will
make efforts to mediate the eradication of corruption. As a society that loves Indonesia, it is
appropriate for us to instill an anti-corruption culture as early as possible in our daily lives so that
we avoid the forms of corruption that are increasingly increasingly common. Hopefully this article
can be useful for all readers.
Factors Causing the Delinquency of Corruption in Indonesia
According to Dr. Sarlito W. Sarwono (2019), there is no exact answer, but there are two
obvious things, namely the cause of impulses from within oneself (desires, desires, wills, and so
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on) and external stimuli factors (for example the encouragement of friends, the presence of
opportunities, lack of control, and so on are used to answer them. As for example due to , local
political cultural factors. The bureaucracy in Indonesia has mixed characteristics between the
feudal bureaucracy which is the legacy of the royal government and the rational bureaucracy
introduced to Indonesia by the Dutch colonial government.
According to Max Weber in Economic and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology
(1978) calls this combination " Patrimonial Bureaucracy in the sense that a leader in a patrimonial-
type bureaucracy has a tendency to regard political power as part of private property, so in its use
a lot of discretion (freedom to make its own decisions). The leader's understanding or perception
of power will affect his leadership behavior, explained Weber.However, the main reason for the
cause of corruption is individual factors. Syed Hussein Alatas through Sociology of Corruption:
An Exploration with Contemporary Data (1996) emphasized that corruption in Indonesia is not
the result of poor implementation of laws and regulations. But what is very influential is the factors
that exist outside the structure of government, in this case the individuals. If corrupt people control
the government regardless of position, then it is certain that the structure will undoubtedly be
tainted The culture of corruption starts from simple behavior that then develops. Just like cancer,
corruption spreads and ensnares all organs of society, so the eradication of corruption must begin
with social and mental reforms of all components of society.
According to Nur Syam (2002), the cause of a person's corruption is because of his
seducibility for the material world or wealth that he cannot afford. When the urge to become rich
cannot be restrained while access to wealth can be obtained through corrupt means, then be
someone who will commit corruption. So, if you use this way of looking at the causes of
corruption, then one of the causes of corruption is the perspective on wealth. The wrong way of
looking at wealth will lead to the wrong way of accessing wealth. Thus it will continue, as long as
there are still mistakes about how to view wealth. The more people who misview wealth, the more
likely it is that people will make mistakes in accessing wealth.data from the Indonesian Corruption
Watch (ICW), the first rank of corruption perpetrators in Indonesia according to ICW comes from
the bureaucracy. In general, they commit acts of corruption in the form of extortion, manipulating
tenders, budgeting fictitious activities, to petty corruption such as manipulating transportation
money, hotels and pocket money. The trick is to stop the slightest corrupt behavior. One of them
is the behavior of bribery or poking which turns out to be often also carried out by ordinary people.
And this is already a culture of corruption stemming from simple behavior that then developed.
Just like cancer, corruption spreads and ensnares all organs of society, so the eradication of
corruption must begin with social and mental reforms of all components of society.
According to Adami Chazawi, and data from the Indonesian Corruption Watch (ICW), the
first rank of corruption perpetrators in Indonesia and that corruption comes from many
bureaucratic circles. In general, those who commit acts of corruption in the form of extortion,
manipulating tenders, budgeting fictitious activities, to petty corruption such as manipulating
transportation money, hotels and pocket money. And this is a disease that can be stopped from
starting oneself. The trick is to stop the slightest corrupt behavior. One of them is the behavior of
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bribery or poking which turns out to be often also carried out by ordinary people. So as Syed
Hussein said, if people who are used to practicing bribery or bribery, in the future, occupy the
government, it will pollute the structure of the institution. In addition, the habit of lying and
manipulation is also the forerunner of high-level corruption that harms the country.
According to Baharuddin Lopa (2001.69) that the most dominant factors causing corruption
can be divided into two. That is, among them are internal factors and external factors, each of
which has several points .
1) Internal Factors: The cause of corruption in internal factors is the greedy or greedy nature
possessed by humans. In this greedy nature, it means that humans are not easily satisfied
with what they have today. They tend to feel less about what they have and that will
encourage them to commit corruption. Consumptive lifestyle. A consumptive lifestyle is
in terms of their daily life is excessive, or it can also be called an extravagant lifestyle. This
kind of lifestyle will encourage them to commit corruption because if their income is
insufficient to meet their extravagant lifestyle. Morals are less strong.so basically that The
internal factors that cause corruption are one of them is the result of less strong human
morals. This means that the morals they have are very lacking and they are more concerned
with their own interests.
2) External factors: The causes of corruption from external factors include: Politics where
political factors influence the occurrence of corruption because basically politics itself is
related to power. This means that whoever the person is will definitely use various means,
even committing corruption to gain power. Political factors are divided into two, namely
power and political stability. Legal factors are also divided into two, namely the
consistency of law enforcement and legal certainty.also regarding economic factors is also
one of the factors that cause corruption. This can be seen from if a person's salary or income
is insufficient to meet their daily needs. Economic factors are also divided into two, namely
salary or income and the economic system. The last is to discuss about organizational
factors that have several aspects that cause corruption, including culture or culture,
leadership, accountability, and management or systems that exist in the organization.
In addition to the obstacles mentioned above, Soekanto (1977) divided several classifications
of factors inhibiting the Eradication of Corruption in Indonesia:
1) Structural Barriers: Barriers stemming from state and government administration practices
that make the handling of corruption crimes not work as they should. Included in this group
include: sectoral and institutional egoism that leads to the application of as much funds as
possible for the sector and its agencies without regard to overall national needs and seeks
to cover up the irregularities contained in the sector and agencies concerned; the
ineffectiveness of the supervisory function; weak coordination between surveillance
officers and law enforcement officials; and weak internal control systems that have a
positive correlation with various deviations and inefficiencies in the management of the
country's wealth and the low quality of public services.
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2) Cultural Barriers: Barriers that stem from negative habits that develop in society. Those
included in this group include: there is still a "disrespectful" and tolerant attitude among
government officials that can hinder the handling of corruption crimes; lack of openness
of agency leaders so that they often seem tolerant and protect perpetrators of corruption,
executive, legislative and judicial interference in handling corruption crimes, low
commitment to deal with corruption firmly and completely, and the permissive attitude
(foolishness) of most people towards efforts to eradicate corruption.
3) Instrumental Obstacles: Obstacles stemming from the lack of supporting instruments in the
form of laws and regulations that make the handling of corruption crimes not work as they
should. Included in this group include: there are still overlapping laws and regulations that
cause corruptive actions in the form of inflating funds within government agencies; the
absence of a "single identification number" or an identification that applies to all
community purposes (driver's license, taxes, banks, etc.) capable of reducing the chances
of abuse by any member of society; weak law enforcement in handling corruption; and the
difficulty of proving corruption.
4) Management Barriers: Obstacles stemming from the neglect or non-implementation of
good management principles (high commitment to be carried out in a fair, transparent and
accountable manner) that make the handling of corruption crimes not work as it
should.those included in this group include: lack of commitment of management
(Government) in following up on the results of supervision; weak coordination both among
supervisory officials and between officials surveillance and law enforcement officers; lack
of information technology support in government administration; non-independence of
supervisory organizations; the lack of professionalism of most surveillance officers; lack
of support for supervisory systems and procedures in handling corruption, as well as
inadequate staffing systems including recruitment systems, low "formal salaries" of civil
servants, performance appraisals and rewards and punishments.
CONCLUSION
One of the efforts that must be made by the government in eradicating corruption is through
preventive measures including prevention efforts, enforcement efforts, and education efforts.
Factors that cause the high use of corruption in Indonesia are internal and external factors.
To reduce the high level of Corruption Crimes in Indonesia, the government on extra
weekdays provides Education on Corruption Crimes from Elementary School to Higher Education
regarding the dangers of Corruption.
The government must amend the Law (UU) on Law No. 20 of 2001 on the Amendment of
Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes concerning Articles 2
and 3, namely the Minimum for Life and Maximum death penalty and deprive all property with
their families in order to have the effect of jerah perpetrators of Corruption Crimes.
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