P-ISSN: 2808-5957

E-ISSN: 2808-6724

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1921

CLINKER VOLUME ON SEAM H’S DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATION

BASED ON COAL MINE’S DRILL DATA

Yoki Dwi Asmoro

, Musri Ma’waleda

, Sri Widodo

Geological Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Mining Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

ydwiasmoro@gmail.com

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Published: November 17

2022

Clinker is a rock change due to the process of burning and heating coal

below the surface. The emergence of well-identified clinkers can prevent

loss of coal reserve volume (Loss Reserve) and clinker can be used for haul

road surfacing. The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution

pattern of clinker and estimate the volume of clinker through 3D clinker

modeling in the H seam of Sambarata Area, Berau Regency, East

Kalimantan Province. Research methodology is divided into literature

studies, data collection, data processing, data analysis and conclusions. The

data used in this study are drill data which include coordinates, elevation,

type of lithology, thickness and depth of clinker, and depth of drill points.

Data processing and analysis of this study was carried out through clinker

correlation using Minescape software version 8.1. Clinker correlation is

performed to determine the continuity of the clinker layer from one drill

point to another. Based on the results of the analysis on the correlation cross

section, it was concluded that the distribution of clinker follows the

morphological shape of hills starting from the ground surface at an

elevation of +80 to +87 masl to an elevation of +15 to +25 masl horizontally

extending towards the North-South according to the direction of the coal

seam strike.

Keywords: clinker, coal, estimated

volume

This work is licensed under CC

BY-SA 4.0

INTRODUCTION

In coal mining, differences between geological and actual models often arise and become

operational problems. One of the problems that arises is the loss of coal due to the appearance of

clinkers that are not accurately modeled (Krishnamoorthy & Pisupati, 2015). The loss of coal

during the mining process results in loss of reserve volume and disruption of the mining elbow

(Wang et al., 2015). On the other hand, a clinker that is identified as distributed and modeled well

will provide operational benefits (Saade et al., 2015). It is because clinker with its hard physique

is very good to be used as infrastructure, especially as a coating for mining roads (Haul road

surfacing) (Huseien et al., 2019; Johnson et al., 2019).

According to Situmorang and Burhan (1995) in the regional geological map of the Tanjung

Redeb sheet map number 1918, the research area is included in the railway formation. The Trainee

Formation is composed by quartz sandstones, claystones, siltstones and coal at the top, and sided

with sand shale and limestone at the bottom. The coal seam has a thickness ranging from 0.2 – 5.5

m, black - brown in color. The rock unit is approximately 800 m thick, deposited in delta, estuarin,

and shallow marine environments. Contains fossils between Pre Orbulina glomerosa. Early to

Middle Miocene-aged Training Formation.

According to Grapes et al. (2009), the process of clinker formation in coal is referred to as

the pyrometamorphism process caused by self-burning coal that is still below the surface (in situ).

Clinker Volume on Seam H’s Distribution and Estimation Based on Coal Mine’s Drill Data

1922 | I n d o n e s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y S c i e n c e , 2 ( 2 ) , N o v ,

2022

The products of this coal combustion are paralava and clinker. Paralava is the result of burning

coal insitu caused by high heat (1124

0 –

1227

C), resulting in black to dark gray physical

characteristics, vesicular texture, similar to lava ballast (Stracher, 2018). While clinker is a product

of burning insitu coal with a lower temperature (<1150

C), reddish in color, does not show a melt

structure like paralava, similar to bricks (Zhang et al., 2020). Paralava and clinker are present in

one geometric body distinguished by their physical appearance (Quintero et al., 2009). In this

study, paralava and clinker were considered as one geometric body shape hereinafter referred to

as clinker.

The purpose of this study is the analysis of clinker distribution patterns based on the

correlation of drill data and create a clinker model in 3-dimensional form (3D model). Information

on the distribution of clinker and the shape of the 3D model are needed for accurate mine planning,

that is, it can avoid reserve losses due to poorly identified clinker and the 3D clinker model can be

useful for planning the use of clinker material for mine road coatings.

METHOD

The methodology in this study is divided into several stages, namely literature study, data

collection, data processing, analysis and discussion and conclusion. Broadly speaking, the stages

of the study can be seen in the research flow chart (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Research Flowchart

The literature study in this study focused on the process of clinker formation and coal

dispersal in the Sambarata area, Berau Regency. The data used are drill data which includes

coordinates, elevation, lithology, clinker thickness, and drill point depth. Data processing and

analysis using Minescape v8.1 software. In this study, Minescape v8.1 software was used to

correlate clinkers between drill points and create a 3D model of clinker distribution.

Clinker Volume on Seam H’s Distribution and Estimation Based on Coal Mine’s Drill Data

1923 | I n d o n e s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y S c i e n c e , 2 ( 2 ) , N o v ,

2022

Clinker correlation is carried out to determine the continuity and shape of the clinker

distribution in the study area by means of correlation in a 2D cross-section made in parallel

extending in the direction of the strike layer. Then do the correlation between the 2D cross-sections

that have been made and continue by doing 3D modeling of the clinker distribution. The next step

is to conduct a clinker distribution analysis at the research site based on cross-section and a 3D

model of the clinker. The research site is located in the Sambarata area, Berau Regency, East

Kalimantan Province (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Research Location Map

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Drill Data Spread and Correlation

The drill data used in this study came from PT Berau Coal exploration data with a total of 30

drill points spread out extending north-south and southwest – northeast according to the direction

of the coal seam movement pattern. The distribution of drill points can be seen on the drill point

distribution map and the correlation in Figure 4. The correlation of seam and clinker shows that

clinker is formed from the heating results of coal seam HU (3 – 6.5 m) and HL (2.5 – 5.5 m).

Research

Location

0 8.5 17 km

Clinker Volume on Seam H’s Distribution and Estimation Based on Coal Mine’s Drill Data

1924 | I n d o n e s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y S c i e n c e , 2 ( 2 ) , N o v ,

2022

Figure 4. Drill Point Distribution and Correlation Map

2D Clinker and Cross-Section Spread Patterns

Based on the correlation of clinkers through drill data, it can be made an interpretation of the

bounces of the distribution of clinkers in the map laterally (Figure 5) and vertically cross-section

(Figure 6). The results of the lateral and cross-sectional spread maps showed that there were 3

clinker boundari altered from the H seam in the study area. It is known that in boundary A, clinker

is formed starting from the surface of the hill at an elevation of 80 masl to an elevation of 15 masl.

While in boundary B, clinker is formed from the surface of the hill at an elevation of 80 masl to

an elevation of 25 masl. In boundary C, clinker is formed from the surface of the hill at an elevation

of 87 masl to an elevation of 28 masl. The geometric body of the clinker is formed by changing

the coal seam from the boundary of the HL floor seam and the rocks above the HU seam to the

topographic surface (Figures 4 and 6).

Clinker Volume on Seam H’s Distribution and Estimation Based on Coal Mine’s Drill Data

1925 | I n d o n e s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y S c i e n c e , 2 ( 2 ) , N o v ,

2022

Figure 5. Clinker Spread Map

Figure 6. Cross Section of Clinker

3D Modeling and Clinker Volume Estimation

A 3D model of clinker geometry was created after correlation of drill data using minescape

software version 8.1. To be calculated in the Minescape sorftware, the clinker model is made into

2 surfaces, namely the upper surface (top surface) and the lower surface (bottom surface). The top

surface is created by following the correlation of the upper limit of the clinker in cross section and

Clinker Volume on Seam H’s Distribution and Estimation Based on Coal Mine’s Drill Data

1926 | I n d o n e s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y S c i e n c e , 2 ( 2 ) , N o v ,

2022

laterally. The bottom surface is made by following the lower limit of the clinker (floor seam

projection H) until a certain elevation of contact with coal. The upper and lower clinker surfaces

are each made into a triangle so that they can see the geometric shape of the clinker in 3D as shown

in Figure 7. Next is to make a calculation of the estimated clinker volume of each boundary

through the Triangle Cut-Fill, where the upper limit is the top surface and the lower limit is the

bottom surface, so that the clinker volume of each boundary is obtained as in Table 1.

Figure 7. 3D Model of Clinker Geometry

Table 1. Volume Vowel

Based on the processed data above, there are 3 clinker boundaries formed on seam H, with

the direction of clinker distribution is North-South and Southwest-Northeast, according to the

direction of the seam H coal seam seam strike. on boundary B the clinker appears from the surface

at an elevation of 80 masl to an elevation of 25 masl, and on boundary 3 the clinker appears from

the surface at an elevation of 87 masl to an elevation of 28 masl. Based on the clinker model, the

volume of clinker boundary A was obtained at 316,800 m 3, boundary B at 536,091 m 3, and

boundary C at 234,141 m

. Clinker is formed only on the surface in the morphology of the hills

because it is most susceptible to contact with the wind so that oxidation is easier to occur. The hills

that have the potential to form clinker are those at an elevation of > 55 meters above sea level,

because based on drill data 1 there is seam H coal that does not experience combustion into clinker.

Clinker Volume on Seam H’s Distribution and Estimation Based on Coal Mine’s Drill Data

1927 | I n d o n e s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y S c i e n c e , 2 ( 2 ) , N o v ,

2022

CONCLUSION

Clinker is formed on seam H at the boundary of the valley at elevations ranging from 15-25

masl to morphological surfaces at elevations of 80-85 masl. Clinker is formed only in hilly areas

prone to contact with the wind. The total volume of clinker at the study site was 1, 087, 032 m3.

It is recommended to drill in the coal cropline with an elevation of >55 meters above sea level.

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