A COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF THE USERS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION FOR EMPLOYEES: A CASE OF CINERE-LEBAK BULUS ROUTE

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a developing country. Cities in Indonesia are still improving in all sectors, including the transportation sector. Currently, many cities in Indonesia face land transportation problems such as never-ending congestion. Traffic jams occur everywhere, especially during the morning, afternoon, and evening rush hours. The malfunctioning of urban public transport as it should be is one of the causes of congestion. As a result, people are more likely to use private transportation than public transportation. At the same time, the roads are filled with private transportation, which continues to increase yearly (Mutiawati, 2019).
The use of personal Transportation in DKI Jakarta is experiencing an increasing trend every year. In 2018, there were 21.76 million motorized vehicles in DKI Jakarta (Rachman, Nooraeni, & Yuliana, 2021). Various reports and studies talk about Jakarta's day and night population, mainly due to the large number of commuters who come to the city from the outskirts during the day. In 2019, a commuter survey by BPS showed that there were 3.2 million commuters from the cities of Bogor, Bekasi, Depok, and Tangerang, to the capital, with 63.3% of them using motorbikes and 26.9% public transportation. This means that in DKI Jakarta, there are about 14.2 million people during the day when workers flow into the city from the metro area, and at night, there are about 11 million people (BPS, 2019); (Martinez & Masron, 2020).
As well as the Cinere people who work in the Lebak Bulus area which is one of the office areas. The movement of employees from Cinere to Lebak Bulus requires means of modes of transportation and selection of these modes based on the level of effectiveness offered. Modes of Transportation that employees can use from Cinere to Lebak Bulus include urban public transportation (Angkot) or private vehicles, either motorbikes or cars.
Urban public transportation, according to Law No. 22 of 2009, has a meaning of moving people and goods from one place to another by using vehicles in urban areas that are bound in a fixed and regular route. Several city transportations routes (Angkot) serve employees from Cinere to the Lebak Bulus area. If employees from Cinere to Lebak Bulus use the Angkot mode, several things must be considered. Among them is the payment system used for Angkot still uses a cash system, so payments like this are tentative (Mutiawati, 2019). Likewise, employees must also consider several things if they choose to use private transportation modes.
The level of satisfaction offered by each mode of transportation can change. This is due to changes in the characteristics of the mode selection. Changes in characteristics, such as changes in the cost of travel from a mode due to an increase in fuel oil (BBM), will affect a person's decision to choose the desired mode of transportation. Currently, many private transportation modes are the choice of employees from Cinere to Lebak Bulus because the characteristics of private transportation modes are more profitable than Angkot. This research study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of comparing Angkot and personal vehicles by employees from Cinere to the Lebak Bulus area.

LITERATURE REVIEW Public Transport (City Transport)
Transportation in Indonesia is currently developing very rapidly. The development of transportation is triggered by the high development of the human population in a city. Therefore, transportation is a basic need that is the basis for the movement of various aspects, both public and private transportation. Transportation mode choice is influenced by several factors, including tariff, comfort, and safety (Muhammad Asrul Nuh & Syarkawi, 2022).
Public transportation is all means of transportation when passengers do not travel using their vehicles. Public transport is a means of moving people and goods from one place to another. The objective is to assist the person or group in reaching the desired place or sending goods from the place of origin to the place of destination (Son, 2018). Public transportation services aim to provide safe, fast, comfortable, and cheap services to people whose mobility is increasing, especially for forcing people to carry out their activities. In other words, it is effective and efficient (Pratiwi D. & Fitri, 2021). Public transport (also known as mass transportation) is a passenger transport service by a group travel system that is available for use by the general public, usually managed on a schedule, operated on a designated route, and charged for each trip (Prima & Raya, 2020).
City transportation is transportation from one place to another within the city area using public buses or passenger cars bound in a fixed and regular route. The primary purpose of city transportation is to provide excellent and decent services for the community. The ideal size here is seen from the performance of city transportation operations and the quality of city transportation services. To evaluate the implementation of operations in providing transportation services to passengers, it is necessary to know several factors that affect operational performance indicators and the quality of service. A Public Passenger Car is any public vehicle with a maximum of eight seats, excluding the driver's seat, either with or without luggage transport equipment. The use of Angkot can be an alternative vehicle that the community can use. Angkot is a type of public transportation with affordable and flexible prices because it can stop at any point that is still on its route. However, the disadvantage of using Angkot as a means of transportation is the uncertainty of time, which is an essential factor for the community (Buamona & J. Karongkong, 2017) (Catharine Christianti & Prayogo, 2018).

Private Transport
Private transportation is a mode of transportation specifically for a person who can use it anywhere and anytime he wants. Private vehicles are solved more specifically: walking, bicycles for private, motorcycles for private, private cars, ships, airplanes, and privately owned trains (Al Rasyid & Fathurrahman, 2019).
Almost all Jakartans use modes of transportation in the form of private vehicles such as bicycles, motorcycles, and cars, where population growth (people) have a good economy or stable income levels that result in them being able to own private vehicles. With private vehicles also provide more efficient mileage and accessibility (convenience) to arrive at the destination in daily activities of the community to travel from the place of origin (home, boarding house, basecamp) to the market, school, office, and so on (Ilmy, 2022).
One of the private vehicles is motorcycles are the primary mode of transportation in many big cities in developing countries. Jakarta is a city with many motorcycle users. Most Jakarta residents tend to choose the mode of motorbike transportation, which is considered to speed up the road time and become the most economical (Chu & Huynh, 2019) (Hansa & Susilowati, 2020).

Mode Choice Theory
The most crucial factor in the decision to travel is choosing. Travelers constantly face a state of affairs to choose from several choices. This state can occur at any time and in every circumstance. For example, in determining the location of residence, determining the mode of transportation that will be used in work activities, shopping, going to school, and others (Ferdiansyah & Ronando, 2018).
The paradigm for measuring the quality of public transport primarily focuses on the user's perspective, with customer satisfaction analysis as an operational construct based on service attributes, perceptions of them, and their importance can be identified in terms of overall satisfaction with service. Analyzing the quality of service, considering making public transport users a critical piece of information, has resulted in an extensive bibliography, albeit with some lack of consensus on identifying service quality attributes (de Oña & de Oña, 2021).
Factors for choosing a mode of transportation consist of four factors that are considered to have a strong influence on the behavior of travelers. Each factor is divided into several variables. The first factor is the trip's characteristics, namely the trip's purpose, the time of travel, and the length of the trip. Both factors are the characteristics of the traveler. The variables are income, vehicle ownership, and vehicle condition (new, old, suitable, bad, clean, and others). Therefore, other socio-economic variables (family structure and size, age, gender, social status, lifestyle, type of work, job location, possession of a driving license, and all variables that influence mode selection). Third Factor characteristic of the transport system. The variables, namely the variable travel time starting from the length of time waiting for transportation at the terminal, the time to walk to the terminal and the time to be in transportation, the variability of travel costs, variables in the level of service, variable levels of access/ease of achievement of the destination, variables in the level of reliability of public transportation in terms of time, availability of parking space and tariffs. Fourth factors were characteristic of cities and zones, for example, the distance of residence to the place of activity (John H. Frans & Ikun, 2017).

METHOD
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of comparing Angkot and private vehicles by employees from Cinere to the Lebak Bulus area. This research was conducted utilizing a questionnaire survey. This questionnaire survey was conducted on employees who work in the Lebak Bulus area and come from Cinere using private vehicles or Angkot. In this study, the source of data in the data collection method was using primary data and secondary data. Primary data is data obtained directly in the field obtained utilizing interviews summarized in a questionnaire containing questions related to this research variable. In addition to questionnaire data, secondary data is also needed, namely data obtained from existing sources. The secondary data in this study is data from related agencies, including data on transportation routes, the number of vehicles, and data on employees working in the Lebak Bulus area.
The area that is the object of research in this discussion is the Cinere area. However, the observation point is employees who work in the Lebak Bulus area and cross the Cinere area. This study was attended by ±34 respondents who were employees and workers who worked in the Lebak Bulus area and across the Cinere area. In this study, primary data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires using a google form which was followed by 34 respondents who filled out online using the internet. The research method uses quantitative research methods so that analysis is related to the processing of numbers. The variables used in this study can be seen in the following City transport capacity (St. Maryam H, 2021), (Ananda C.A. Saranga & Pah, 2022) The results of this variable selection come from field observations by seeing and feeling directly as a user. Each respondent was given 4 options to submit a questionnaire. With a value scale of 1-4, where the value scale of 1 is considered very influential and the value of 4 is for very influential. Furthermore, the data obtained is used as primary data for data processing using the radar chart method. From the results of the radar chart, it can be known the variables or factors behind the selection of personal vehicle modes and Angkot as a mode of transportation for travel by karyawan and workers from Cinere to the Lebak Bulus area.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of the google questionnaire form spread on social media, Whatsapp, and Instagram, which many respondents then filled in. The respondents are employees and workers in the Lebak Bulus area from the Cinere area. A total of 100 samples were obtained for data processing to be carried out. The analyses used include an analysis of respondents' characteristics. Analysis of the characteristics of interests that are a priority in choosing employee modes of transportation.

Respondent Characteristic Analysis
The analysis of respondents' characteristics explained the characteristics of respondents in the form of vehicle ownership, driver's license ownership, and socioeconomics consisting of gender, age, occupation, and income in a month which are included in the variables that influence respondents in choosing the mode of transportation to get to work. The results of the analysis can be seen in the following table:  From the analysis Table 2, most respondents who filled out the questionnaire were male with a percentage of 60.6% who were between the ages of 20-30 years with a percentage of 57.6%. For their work background, the majority of respondents are private employees with a percentage of 78.8%, which is the majority of them have a monthly income of Rp. 3,000,000, with a percentage of 42.4%. For vehicle ownership, the majority of vehicles owned by respondents are motorcycles, with a percentage of 69.7%, and the majority have a driver's license (SIM), with a percentage of 84.8%. The travel characteristics are explained by transportation or vehicles used to reach the workplace, travel costs per month, and travel time. Traveling is included in the variables that affect the respondent in the choice of mode of transportation. The results of the analysis can be seen in the following table:  Table 2 shows that private vehicles make up the majority of transportation used a motorbike 69.7% and Angkot 15.2%. The majority of travel costs per month incurred by respondents Rp. 500,000 -Rp. 800,000 with a percentage of 27.3%, and the majority of travel time required by respondents was <30 minutes with a percentage of 36.4%.

Interest Characteristic Analysis
The questionnaire results using a google form filled out by respondents who have different opinions in assessing the level of influence of each parameter used as a question that can influence the comparison and selection of transportation to get to work for respondents. The characteristics of the interests consisted of the importance of the mode of transportation used to work, travel costs, travel time, comfort, safety, security, and availability of transportation modes. The data processed from the survey results are divided into two categories of the male and female sex. Of the existing respondents, there were 60.6% male and 39.4% famale. They are, moreover, made into 2 analyses based on 2 modes of transportation used to get to work to be a comparison in selecting modes of transportation for work. The results of the analysis can be seen in the figure below. From the picture above, the first variable is the level of security. The level of security in using private vehicles includes the condition of the vehicle and the conditions on the road. From the picture above, male and female respondents obtained an average score of 3.1. The second variable is the level of safety. The level of safety in using private vehicles is the condition of road users. From the picture above, the male respondents obtained an average score of 3.3 and a female score of 3.2. The third variable is the level of comfort, wherein using a private vehicle makes the vehicle's condition more comfortable. From the picture above, the male respondents obtained an average score of 3.4 and a female score of 3.3. The fourth variable is travel time which is the time needed to reach the destination. From the picture above, male and female respondents obtained a value of 3.0. The fifth variable is travel costs which are costs incurred per month. From the picture above, the male respondents obtained an average score of 2.9 and a female score of 3.1.
In addition to personal transportation, this study also analyzed the factors that influence the selection of city transportation for employees to work with the following variables. The results of the analysis for city transportation can be cited in the picture below: From the picture above, with the analysis of the selection of Angkot as employee transportation to work, the most influential is the level of safety. The safety level is the most influential variable in the selection of Angkot, with evidence of the average value of this parameter above the average value of other variables in both male and female respondents. The average score for male is 2.7, while female is 2.9 on a scale of 1-4. In the following position, the variables of safety, comfort, and availability of city transport have an equally significant influence. From male and female respondents, an average score of 2.6 was obtained. Furthermore, the last position is the travel time variable, where the male respondent has an average score of 2.3 and the female respondent 2.4.

CONCLUSION
The comparative research between private vehicles and city transportation shows that the variable strongly affects employees and workers from Cinere to the Lebak Bulus area in choosing a private vehicle transportation mode, namely the comfort variable. With variable values for a female that is 3.3 and a male that is 3.4. Meanwhile, in selecting Angkot transportation modes, namely the safety variable, the variable value for a female is 2.9 and for males is 2.7.