THE HORIZONTAL CURVED GEOMETRIC PLANNING USING THE AUTOCAD CIVIL 3D ® METHOD ON TANAH MERAH ROAD, BANJARBARU CITY, SOUTH KALIMANTAN

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
In modern times, technological developments are very rapid, one of which is in the field of transportation, which is now a hot research topic. Road projects promote the socio-economic development of countries and regions because an efficient road infrastructure network allows access to health, education, housing, trade, and so on. It is estimated that the total length of paved roads will increase by 25 million km by 2050, which is done to meet population growth and from the transition of global population collision. The cause of regional development is to cause the addition and expansion of social and transportation facilities and infrastructure to serve the needs of its population (Castañeda, Sánchez, Herrera, & Mejía, 2022); (Strano, et al., 2017); (Rifai, Surgiarti, Isradi, & Mufhidin, 2021).
Currently, the population in the country is more than 230 million people, which will drive an increase in transportation and vehicle ownership demand. Indonesia has 34 provinces, with traffic conditions and many drivers having considerable spatial differences. Indonesia also accommodates heterogeneous traffic with hybrid vehicles. In addition to a large human population, Indonesia also has great tourism potential, one of which is a tourism destination, namely the island of Kalimantan. Infrastructure related to accessibility is one of the factors that influence the 2022 AutoCAD Civil 3D ® was developed by the company Autodesk. Autodesk Civil 3D ® plans, designs and delivers land, water, and transportation development projects. 3D modeling is one of the leading technologies required to create a unified system to ensure road safety in a large city. AutoCAD (Autodesk Inc., 2022); (Eliseev, Tomchinskaya, Lipenkov, & Blinov, 2017) Civil 3D also helps para-engineers in improving data storage, more consistent processing processes and being able to respond more quickly to changes that occur in the project ® .
In making geometric planning for manual roads, what is done will be very complicated, take a long time to work, and there can be undetected errors, increasing the work cost. One of the wellknown software for Building Information Modeling for geometric designing roads is AutoCAD Civil 3D ® . As a result, the road design process becomes more efficient, accurate, and time-saving compared to designing the same road manually. It can be concluded that in geometric road planning using AutoCAD Civil 3D ® (Pandey, Atul, & Bajpai, 2019) ® is considered faster, more accessible, and practical, and can provide solutions whether the design is feasible or not.

Horizontal Arch
In the current trend, geometric design is one part of road planning that fulfills functions and roads by generating physical shape planning. The design process involves some drafting and several analyses and calculations. There are three main elements in geometric road planning: horizontal paragraphing, vertical alignment, and road cross-section. In the geometric design of roads, things need to be done using coordinates (or bearings), stations, and elevations; calculation of visibility, the radius of the horizontal arch and length of the vertical arch; the calculation of the number of earthworks, and many other analyzes and calculations are aimed at finding the optimal alignment while meeting design standards and constraints (Gaikawad & Ghodmare, 2020); (Raji, Zava, Jirgba, & Osunkunle, 2017).
The design of a horizontal alignment is influenced by many factors, including the terrain's functional classification, the design's speed, the traffic volume, the right of way, environmental conditions, and the level of service required. Horizontal alignment must comply with particular design criteria, such as minimum radius, superelevation level, and visibility. A circular curve is a curve with a constant radius connecting two tangents. A compound curve consists of two or more circular curves side by side with different radii. Spiral curves are used in horizontal alignment to provide a gradual transition between tangent and circular sections of the curve (Abdulhafedh, 2019).
A horizontal path paragraph must be a series of straight lines (allusions) and circular curves spliced through a transition curve. Allusions, circular curves, and transition curves are the three elements of the horizontal paragraph of the modern road. The main task of the horizontal paragraph design is to determine the tangent cut point, circular curve, and transition curve. Once the parameters of these elements are determined, the center line of the road is determined entirely (Casal, Santamarina, & Vázquez-Méndez, 2017); (You, Yu, Huang, & Hu, 2022).

Road
Infrastructure is the embodiment of the service delivery system to the community. Transport infrastructure is an integral part of the transport system of any city or state. Transportation as an economic factor is a measure of economic activity, and at the same time, transport reflects economic activity. Therefore, the question of measuring the performance of transport infrastructure and the relationship between transport infrastructure and economic growth became the subject of discussion in both academic and non-academic circles (Skorobogatova & Kuzmina-Merlino, 2017).
Transportation has been responsible for the development of civilization from ancient times by meeting the needs of human travel and transportation of goods needs. Today, roads and transportation have become integral to every human being. The road contributes to sustainability and economic growth, offering great social benefits. Therefore, developing an adequate road transport system is the primary need of any developing country. The improvement of the existing road network system is significant for developed countries because the road capacity on urban and non-urban highways will reach a level of saturation over time (Chakole & Wadhai, 2022) (KS, 2017).
A highway consists of buildings and other outbuildings that maintain traffic above and below ground and at the water's surface. It is generally built to move people, goods, and services from one place to another. A road is an access that connects one place to another on one landmass. In other words, the definition of a road is a main road that can connect one area with another to distribute services (Setyawan, et al., 2021); (Directorate General of Highways, 2021).

METHOD
The horizontal curved geometric planning that will be discussed is Jalan Tanah Merah, located in Landasan Ulin Timur Village, Landasan Ulin District, Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan, in which Banjarbaru City is the capital of South Kalimantan province. The length of the geometric planning of the Tanah Merah road is ± 1,519 Km. The road is a road that is only covered by the ground surface and is currently not a suitable road for the community. Therefore, Jalan Tanah Merah is devoted to an alternative road that connects Jalan Ahmad Yani with Jalan Trikora. The location of Jalan Tanah Merah can be seen in Figure 1 The basis for planning is necessary to determine the data collection method and research methods. The data obtained can be used to analyze road planning data, identify relationships between variables, and obtain information about data predictions. Technological advances have led to the collection, compilation, and archiving of large amounts of data that can now be easily researched. As a result, using existing data in research becomes more familiar with its secondary data analysis. Therefore, secondary data or information collected by researchers from different current sources or indirectly obtained information is used in the methodology of this study to meet the information needs of the survey (Rifai, Hadiwardoyo, Correia, Pereira, & Cortez, 2015); (Johnston, 2017); (Rifai, Rafianda, Isradi, & Mufhidin, 2021).
The secondary data obtained in this study are topographic data on the planned road area. The information is collected from various sources: the internet, Google Maps, Google Earth, and Global Mapping. Then the data will be processed into a calculation plan for the geometric design of horizontal arches on Jalan Tanah Merah. It is known that the process of systematic scientific research must begin with the identification of appropriate problems. Research methods that have these characteristics are qualitative research methods. Therefore, the research method used in this study is qualitative research. Descriptive and analytical techniques are used in this qualitative research (Rifai, Hadiwardoyo, Correia, & Pereira, 2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results and discussion contain road design criteria, horizontal paragraphs, and superelevations equipped with stages of work on AutoCAD Civil 3D ® . This planning work refers to the Highway Design Standard of Indonesia 2021.

Design Criteria
The design criteria concerning the Highway Design Standard of Indonesia 2021 for Tanah Merah roads can be seen in the following table:

Stages of Geometric Planning Work
The stages of road geometric planning work using AutoCAD Civil 3D ® are as follows:

Contour Data Search Process
The contour data retrieval process is carried out on Google Earth software, the DEMNAS website, and Global Mapper software. One of the outputs issued is the dwg format. The data will be entered into AutoCAD Civil 3D ® , which will then be planned. 2. Initial setup and contour data input to AutoCAD Civil 3D ® When opening AutoCAD Civil 3D ® , the initial settings are made by setting an adjusted coordinate system at the location of the road used. After the initial setting, it is to input the contour data that has been obtained from the output of the Global Mapper by opening the dwg file in AutoCAD Civil 3D. The contour surfaces are created when the contours have been input into AutoCAD Civil 3D. Creating a contoured surface on AutoCAD Civil 3D ®® is to right-click on the existing contour, then click Create Surface.

Horizontal Alinement Creation
In the horizontal paragraph planner, it is necessary to calculate Rc and Ls. Horizontal linemen can be created by clicking the Toolbar Alignment menu and starting to line the planned trace line from the starting point (A) to the end point (B). In this process, can input the design criteria as needed. Next, make an arch on the arch as required for this planning using an arch-type Spiral Circle Spiral (S-C-S).

Figure 2. Curve PI4 Superelevation
After making horizontal paragraphs and arches of the Spiral Circle Spiral (S-C-S), it creates a superelevation by right-clicking on the arch created and then clicking the calculated superelevation. After that, input lane type, road type, road shoulder type, and other planning criteria.

Horizontal Alinements a. Trace Planning
The traffic planning on the red dirt road has a length of 1,519 Km, starting from STA 00 + 000 to STA 01 + 519. Trace's image can be seen in Figure 3. Road Trace Plan. Topographic calculations here are used to determine the slope of the terrain. The calculation of the terrain slope on this red dirt road has 0.94%, which shows that the road terrain is contained in the Highway Design Standard of Indonesia 2021.   The following is the result of the calculation of the spiral circle spiral (S-C-S) arch: Superelevation is the cross slope of the road in the bend area. For straight road sections, the road has a cross slope which is usually called the normal slope or normal trawn, which is taken at least 2% both to the left and right of the centerline of the road. The elevation value (e) which causes an increase in elevation relative to the road axis is marked (+) and which causes a decrease in elevation relative to the road is marked (-). While what is meant by a superelevation diagram is a way to describe the achievement of superelevation and normal slopes to the cross slope. Superelevation diagrams on the height of the shape depend on the shape of the curve in question.

Figure 4. Superelevation Spiral Circle Spiral Slope at Curve PI4
When a vehicle crosses a bend, the rear wheels of the vehicle cannot follow the tracks of the front wheels, the track is deeper than the front wheels, so that a wider track will occur, so widening is required at bends so that the vehicle's wheels remain on the pavement. The value of widening is based on the grouping of highways and the planned vehicles used, namely semi-trailers for class I roads, single unit trucks for class II, III, IV roads while class V roads do not need widening. Bend widening depends on bend radius R, bend angle (∆) and design speed (Vr).

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the planning that has been carried out, several conclusions can be drawn from the results of calculations and data processing, namely the traffic along the Tanah Merah Road starting from STA 00 + 000 to STA 01 + 519. The arch discussed in this study is the Pl4 arch with the type of Spiral Circle Spiral (S-C-S) arch. Superelevation with a radius of 300 m is 4.5%. After doing this planning, it can be concluded that using AutoCAD Civil 3D® is considered more manageable, faster, and more effective than manual methods.