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2365

PARENTAL AND PEER VIOLENCE, SELF-ESTEEM, SELF-CONTROL,

AND AGGRESSIVE ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR

Dafina Zulfarin

, Dwi Hastuti, Diah Krisnatuti

Faculty of Human Ecology, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

dapinse@gmail.com

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Published: January 31

, 2023

Aggressiveness behavior is an act of a person that aims to harm and harm

others both verbally and physically. The main objective of this study was to

analyze the influence of violence perpetrated by parents and peers, self-

esteem, and self-control on aggressiveness behavior. This study used a

cross-sectional study design with non-probability sampling and voluntary

sampling techniques on 120 Vocational School adolescents who have intact

families and live together in Bogor City. The data collection uses survey

techniques. This study was analyzed using a structural equation model. The

results of the study revealed that violence committed by parents and peers

has a significant positive direct and indirect influence on the aggressiveness

behavior of adolescents. Meanwhile, self-esteem and self-control have a

significant negative direct influence on the behavior of aggressiveness. It is

hoped that parents and the school can become role models for adolescents

and can work together in educating children positively. Online promotion

using influencers related to positive parenting needs to be done.

Keywords: violence, self-control,

self-esteem, aggressive behavior,

adolescent

This work is licensed under CC

BY-SA 4.0

INTRODUCTION

Adolescence is the transition period from adolescence to adulthood. At this time the

adolescent begins to want to give up the identity and attributes of the adolescent. According to

Santrock (2003) the existence of this transition period, gives rise to a critical period characterized

by deviant behavior, such as having a behavior of aggressiveness. Aggressiveness is behavior of a

person and aims to attack, hurt, or disturb others. These behaviors have negative impacts on

adolescents, such as juvenile delinquency, anxiety, depression, even leading to criminal acts

(Taylor et al. 2009; Tremplay, 2010). The Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Juvenile

Protection (KPPPA) in collaboration with the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) showed that from

2016 to 2019 there were 11,116 adolescents recorded and reported to be caught in criminal cases

and 27.2% of them received criminal convictions. Meanwhile, research conducted by Saputra and

Handaka (2018) revealed that 35.32% of vocational school adolescents hurt others physically,

41.30% hurt others verbally, and the remaining 30.42% destroyed property and objects.

The factors that trigger aggressiveness behavior in adolescents include external and internal

factors. External factors are factors that come from outside the self such as the family environment

and peers. Internal factors are factors that originate from within such as self-esteem and self-

control (Berlianti et al., 2016; Wulandari & Nurwati, 2018; Djawa & Ambarini, 2019; Rahayu,

2019). A positive family and peer environment is important to reduce the impact of aggressive

behavior. But in fact, the SIMFONI-PPA of the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and

Adolescent Protection (KPPPA, 2022) revealed an increase in cases of violence that occurred in

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2021. There was an increase in the number of violence in Indonesia by 22.96% in 2021 from the

previous year, with the number of cases recorded and reported at 25,210 cases.

Adolescents are a vulnerable age to be victims of violence. SYMPHONY-PPA in 2021

proved that the age group of 13-17 years ranked first (9,078 cases) as victims of violence with a

percentage value of 31.4%. Meanwhile, abusers in adolescents aged 13-17 tend to be committed

by parents with a percentage value of 44.45% and their peers (44.34%). The usual violence in

adolescents aged 13-17 years is physical and emotional violence. Physical violence is an act that

can cause pain, falling ill, or serious injury and can be described by punches, slaps, kicks, and so

on. Emotional violence is a word or speech that results in mental pain (feelings) and can be

described as threatening, insulting, and so on. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in

the Data and Information Center of the Ministry of the Republic of Indonesia (2016) reported that

40% of adolescents have been physically abused at least once in one year.

Violence is generally defined as the treatment of an individual or group towards a person

intentionally and can inflict injury and harm to others. Several studies have revealed that the

violence obtained by adolescents will affect the level of self-esteem and self-control. Self-esteem

is a person's evaluation ability to believe in themselves, feel that they are important, successful,

and valuable. It is necessary for a person to have mental well-being and a good quality of life as a

whole so as to achieve the right balance in himself. Meanwhile, self-control is a person's ability to

structure, guide, and direct behavioral forms towards positive consequences. This self-control is

related to a person's ability to control emotions as well as the impulses that come from within him

(Chawazi, 2001; Windhu, 1992; Coopersmith, 1967; Santrock, 2007; Maslow, 2002; Tangney et

al., 2004; Hurlock, 1999).

Any act of violence received by adolescents necessarily has a negative influence on the

development of self-esteem and self-control. This determines the success or failure of youth in the

future. Some researchers reveal that parents and peers constitute the closest environment of

adolescents who have a great influence on the development of self-esteem and self-control. The

existence of social support provided by parents and peers will cause high levels of self-esteem and

self-control in adolescents. It will make the teenager feel valuable, as well as respect for

themselves. In addition, if parents and peers commit negative acts such as committing acts of

violence, then the level of self-esteem and self-control will be low and can increase their behavior

of aggressiveness (Velotti et al., 2014; Makbul et al., 2016; Zahri & Savira, 2017; Refnadi, 2018;

Wulandari & Nurwati, 2018; Karakus, 2012; Mujiyati & Adiputra, 2018; Santrock, 2007; Hurlock,

1973).

Research discussing how parental and peer violence are still rare and the most recent research

discussing similar topic is that of Berlianti et al. (2016) which revealed that an increase in the

abusive behavior of parents in adolescents both physically and verbally will increase their

aggressive behavior directly. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of violence

committed by parents and peers, self-esteem, and self-control on the aggressive behavior of

adolescents.

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METHOD

The design of this study is a cross sectional study. This study was conducted on adolescents

living in Bogor City at the end of April-May 2020. The population of this study was vocational

high school adolescents who had intact families and lived together. Research sampling was carried

out using non-probability sampling using voluntary sampling techniques. Examples in this study

were 169 adolescents and 49 of them did not meet the criteria, so the total examples in this study

were 120 adolescents.

The instrument used in this study, on the variables of violence committed by parents and

peers was measured using a questionnaire referring to the UN Convention on the Rights of the

Child and the World Report on Violenve and Health conducted by the World Health Organization

(2002). This instrument consists of 2 dimensions, namely physical and emotional violence. The

instrument of violence perpetrated by the parents consists of 20 items with a scale; 1=Never,

2=Rare, 3=Often and to find out the frequency of violence that occurs, a choice of frequencies is

given, namely a=1-2 times, b=2-3 times, C=3-4 times, D=more than 4 times with a Cronbach

Alpha value of 0.81. Furthermore, The instrument of peer violence consists of 10 items with a

scale; 1=never, 2=rare, 3=often. To find out the frequency of violence that occurs, a choice of

frequencies is given, namely a=1-2 times, b=2-3 times, c=3-4 times, d=more than 4 times the value

of cronbach alpha 0.81. Self-esteem based on adolescent perceptions was measured using a

questionnaire that had been modified from the Self Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). The

instrument consists of 10 questions. The answer scale uses a likert scale; 1=strongly disagree,

2=disagree, 3=agree, 4-strongly agree with Cronbach Alpha's value of 0.70. A self-control

measuring instrument was adopted from Hardani (2017) which refers to the Self-Scoring Self-

Control Scale (Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004). The instrument consists of 13 questions

using a likert scale; 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4-strongly agree with Cronbach

Alpha's self-control value of 0.82. Aggressiveness behavior was measured using a modified The

Aggression Questionnaire questionnaire from Buss and Perry (1992). The answer scale uses a

Likert scale starting from 1=incompatible, 2=less appropriate, 3=appropriate, 4= perfectly

corresponding to the cronbach alpha value of aggressiveness behavior of 0.90. All instruments in

this study have gone through the IPB University turnitin test.

The data that has been obtained is processed through the process of input, editing, coding,

cleaning data, data analysis and data interpretation. The process of data input and analysis is carried

out using Microsoft Excel, and SmartPLS. The data analysis carried out is a reliability and validity

test, descriptive analysis to see the distribution, and a path analysis test to determine the presence

or absence of direct and indirect influences. Variables of violence committed by parents and peers,

self-esteem, self-control, and aggressive behavior are scored (scoring) data, and the total score of

each variable is transformed into an index using Microsoft Excel. The influence of violence

committed by parents and peers, self-esteem, and self-control on the aggressiveness behavior of

vocational school adolescents was analyzed using Smart Partial Least Square (PLS).

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This study involved 120 adolescents who were dominated by women, namely 96 people

(80%) while men were 24 people (20%). The age of adolescence spreads between 14 to 18 years ,

with an average age of 16.71 years. More than half (55%) of adolescents are 17 years old. The

results showed that the average age of adolescent fathers and mothers was 49.77 and 45.21 years.

More than half of paternal (73.3%) and maternal (65.8%) are in the middle adult category (40-69

years). More than one-third (35.8%) of adolescent fathers' education is in the category of

graduating from elementary school (6 years old) and graduating from vocational / high school (12

years old). Meanwhile, in the education of adolescent mothers, more than one-third (35.8%)

studied until they graduated from junior high school (9 years). The average length of education of

adolescent fathers is 9.02 years, while that of adolescent mothers is 8.5 years. In adolescent

paternity jobs (Table 5.3), the highest percentages were laborers (61.7%), self-employed (17.5%),

and private employees (12.5). Meanwhile, most teenage mothers are not working or as housewives

(79.2%). The average income of a teenager's family is Rp. 2,433,575 and almost all (93.3%) of

family income is below the minimum wage (≤Rp. 4,169,806). Based on the results of the study, it

can be seen in Table 5.5, that more than half of adolescent families (50.8%) fall into the category

of medium families and more than one-third (43.5%) of adolescent families are in small families.

The results of the study revealed that adolescent girls tend to receive violence from their

mothers more often than violence committed by their fathers or peers. Evidenced in the results of

this study, which revealed that the average value of violence committed by mothers (28.27) in

adolescent girls was greater than the violence committed by fathers (16.04) and peers (21.30).

Adolescent boys tend to get violence from their fathers, this is evidenced in the results of research

that revealed that the average value of violence committed by fathers in adolescent boys is higher

with an average score of 22.70. The average value of violence committed by mothers in adolescent

boys was 18.33 and the average value of violence committed by peers in adolescent boys was

21.45.

There are two forms of violence accepted by adolescents, namely physical and emotional

violence. The results of the study revealed that emotional violence committed by fathers was

higher in average value compared to physical violence committed by fathers in both adolescent

boys and girls. The average score of emotional violence committed by fathers in young women

was 21.34, while physical violence committed by fathers in young women was 13.61. In adolescent

boys, the average score of emotional violence committed by the father was 21.75 and the physical

violence committed by the father was 14.21.

The results of this study revealed that emotional violence committed by mothers, both in

adolescent boys and girls, was higher in average value than physical violence. The average value

of emotional violence committed by mothers in adolescent girls was 32.18, while the average value

of physical violence committed by mothers in adolescent girls was 19.32. The average value of

emotional violence committed by mothers in adolescent boys was 32.98 and for the average value

of physical violence committed by mothers in adolescent boys was 19.38.

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It was explained in the results of this study, that emotional violence committed by peers, both

in adolescent boys and girls, was higher in average value than physical violence committed by

peers. The average score of emotional violence committed by peers in adolescent girls was 23.62,

while the average score of physical violence committed by mothers in adolescent girls was 18.82.

The average score of emotional violence committed by peers in adolescent boys was 23.68 and for

the average score of physical violence committed by peers in adolescent boys was 19.03.

The results of this study revealed that self-esteem in adolescent boys is higher compared to

adolescent girls. It is proven by the results of the study that the average value of self-esteem in

adolescent boys is higher than that of adolescent girls, which is 55.41. The average score of self-

esteem in adolescent girls was 50.69. Adolescent boys in this study are better able to judge that

they are valuable, have qualities, feel proud of themselves, feel satisfied, and can respect

themselves. The results of this study also show that adolescent girls have higher self-control

compared to adolescent boys, this can be seen from the average value of self-control of adolescent

girls (55.09). Adolescent girls in this study tend to be able to withstand bad things and start good

things.

Adolescent boys have higher average scores of aggressive behavior compared to adolescent

girls. The average score of aggressive behavior in adolescent boys was 41.21 while the average

score of aggressive behavior in adolescent girls was 39.00. Adolescent girls tend to have verbal

aggression and have an attitude of anger, while adolescent boys tend to do physical aggression and

have an attitude of anger. Adolescent girls in this study cendreung performed acts of attacking

someone's feelings such as insulting, mocking, or yelling and expressing emotions that showed

displeasure or hatred towards something. The teenage boys in this study tended to physically

assault 29 and express emotions that showed displeasure or hatred towards something. This

statement is evidenced by the average value of anger attitudes in adolescent girls greater than in

adolescent boys, with an average score of 39.13. The average score of anger attitudes in adolescent

girls (39.13) was also greater than the average score in adolescent boys (38.19). Adolescent boys

tend to engage in physical aggression, this is evidenced by the results of studies that reveal that the

average value of physical aggression in adolescent boys (42.67) is greater than the average value

of physical aggression in adolescent girls (28.51). Verbal aggression in this study tends to be

carried out by adolescent girls compared to adolescent boys, this can be seen in the table below

which reveals that the average value of verbal aggression in adolescent girls is more significant

than that of adolescent boys, who have an average score of 39.69.

The results of this Goodness of Fit (GoF) calculation show a value of 0.756 which interprets

that the model can explain 75.6% of the research variables, as well as the rest explained by

variables outside this study. Here is an influence test on this study shown by Figure 1.

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Figure 1. The Result of the Influence Test

The results showed that there was a significant negative direct influence between violence

committed by mothers (β = -0.320*; t >1.96) and violence committed by peers (β = -0.268*; t

>1.96) on self-esteem. This shows that the higher the level of violence committed by parents and

peers, the lower the level of adolescent self-esteem. Meanwhile, no significant influence was found

either directly or indirectly on the violence perpetrated by the father. Violence committed by the

father (β = -0.497*; t >1.96) and mother (β = -0.223 *; t >1.96) has a significant direct influence

on self-control. This can be interpreted to mean that the higher the level of violence committed by

fathers and mothers, the lower the self-control in adolescents. Meanwhile, peer violence has no

direct or indirect effect on adolescent self-control.

There was a significant negative direct influence between self-esteem (β = -0.124*; t >1.96)

and self-control (β = -0.247*; t >1.96) on aggressive behavior. This suggests that the higher the

level of self-esteem and self-control of adolescents, the lower the level of aggressive behavior. The

Father’s Violence

1,000*

-0,189

0,397*

-0,268*

-0,320*

0,256*

0,241*

-0,247*

-0,223*

-0,010

-0,497*

Self-esteem

Mother’s Violence

Self-control

Aggressive behavior

Peer’s Violence

-0,124*

1,000*

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results of the study also revealed that there was a significant positive direct influence (β = 0.397*;

t >1.96) and a significant negative indirect (β = 0.122*; t >1.96) between violence committed by

fathers and aggressive behavior with a total significant positive direct effect (β = 0.519*; t >1.96).

This shows that the higher the level of violence committed by fathers in adolescents, the higher

the level of aggressive behavior of the adolescents. Furthermore, violence committed by mothers

had a significant positive direct influence (β = 0.241*; t >1.96) and indirectly significant negative

(β = 0.033*; t >1.96 ) on aggressive behavior, with a total effect of (β = 0.274*; t >1.96). This

means that the higher the level of violence committed by the mother, the higher the aggressive

behavior of adolescents. Furthermore, there was a significant positive direct influence (β = 0.256*;

t >1.96) and a significant negative indirect (β = 0.080*; t >1.96) between peer violence and

aggressive behavior with a total effect of (β = 0.336*; t >1.96). This can explain that the higher

the level of violence committed by peers, the higher the aggressive behavior. There was a

significant negative direct influence (β = -0.124*; t >1.96) self-esteem of aggressive behavior. This

suggests that the higher the level of self-esteem of adolescents, the lower their aggressive behavior

will be. Meanwhile, there was a significant negative direct self-control influence (β = -0.247*; t

>1.96) on aggressive behavior. This means that the higher the level of self-control of adolescents,

the lower the aggressive behavior.

In the scope of the empirical model shown in Figure 1, it can be seen that there are 7 series

of pathways that affect aggressive behavior, namely (1) Derived directly from the endogenous

entry point of the ŋ

variable

directly towards ŋ

with the calculation of beta influence of (0.397)2

x 100% = 15.76%, (2) Derived directly from the endogenous latent entry point of the ŋ

variable ŋ

to ŋ

and finally to ŋ 6 with a beta influence calculation of (-0.497 x -0.247) x 100% = 12.27%,

(3) Derived directly from the endogenous entry point of the variable ŋ 2 directly towards ŋ 6 with

the calculation of beta influence of (0.256)2 x 100% = 6.55%, (4) Derived directly from the

endogenous latent ŋ

entry point, to ŋ

, and finally to ŋ

with a beta influence calculation of (-0.268

x -0.124) x 100% = 3.32%, (5) Derived directly from the endogenous entry point of the variable

directly towards ŋ

with a calculation of

beta influence of (0.241)2 x 100% = 5.8%, (6) Derived

directly from the

endogenous latent entry point ŋ

, to ŋ

, and finally to ŋ

with a beta influence

calculation of (-0.320 x -0.124) x 100% = 5.51%, and 6) Derived directly from the endogenous

latent entry point ŋ

, to ŋ

and finally to ŋ

with a beta influence calculation of (-0.223 x -0.247) x

100% = 3.96%.

Thus, it can be said that broadly speaking the factors that influence aggressive behavior

directly come from the violence committed by the father, the violence committed by the mother,

the violence committed by peers, self-esteem and self-control. Furthermore, the factors that

influence aggressive behavior indirectly come from the violence perpetrated by the father through

self-control, the violence perpetrated by the mother through self-esteem, as well as the violence

perpetrated by peers through self-esteem and self-control.

Erikson's psychosocial theory in Glassman & Hadad (2009) reveals that adolescence is a

transition period from adolescence to adulthood. At this stage, adolescents have a crisis, namely

identity vs. role confussion. The teenager who manages to find his identity, then will find the

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direction of his life. Conversely, if the teenager fails to find his identity, then the teenager will

have confusion about the direction of his life. This confusion makes it easy for adolescents to trust

their immediate environment, namely family and peers.

If the family and peer environment is positive, then this development in adolescence will go

well and will not have a negative impact on yourself or others. However, if the family and peer

environment is negative, it will pose problems for adolescent development, one of which is

aggressive behavior (Bronfenbrenner, 1994; Erikson, 1989).

Aggressive behavior is an overflow of emotions aimed at intentionally hurting someone, both

verbally and non-verbally (Scheneidera, 1955; Sars, 1985). This aggressive behavior is carried out

based on experience through the process of imitation (modelling) of the social environment, such

as the family and peer environment (Dill & Dill, 1998; Bandura, 1973). Aggressive behavior can

have negative impacts such as juvenile delinquency, anxiety disorders, depression, and even lead

to criminal behavior (Tremblay, 2010, Webster-Stratton et al., 2008). The results of this study

showed that most of the behaviors of adolescent adolescents in this study, both male and female

adolescents were in the moderate category, and the aggressive behavior of adolescent boys was

higher than the aggressive behavior of adolescent girls. This is in line with what Masykouri did in

2007, which revealed that adolescent boys have five times more aggressive behavior than

adolescent girls. Previous research conducted by Waluya and Rahmadianti (2008) also revealed

that the aggressive behavior of adolescent boys is higher than that of adolescent girls. The existence

of differences in aggressive behavior between adolescent boys and girls is influenced by several

factors, such as personality and social. Carlo (1999) argues that adolescent girls have a higher

sympathetic personality than adolescent boys, this results in adolescent girls showing less

aggressive behavior, especially in physically aggressive behavior.

Adolescent boys in this study tended to have higher physical and verbal aggression behaviors

than adolescent girls. In line with research conducted by Merdekasari and Chaer (2017), which

revealed that adolescent boys have higher levels of physical and verbal aggression than adolescent

girls. This research also revealed that adolescent girls tend to have higher hostility and anger than

adolescent boys. This was also revealed by research conducted by Rahmawati and Asyanti in 2017

which revealed that adolescent girls tend to have less stable emotions or affective than adolescent

boys, so adolescent girls tend to show anger and hostility.

The violence perpetrated by parents, both fathers and mothers and peers in this study had a

significant positive effect directly on aggressive behavior mediated by dir appreciation and self-

control. Previous research has also revealed that parental attachment to adolescents and aggressive

behavior are mediated by self-esteem and self-control (De Vries et al., 2016). Related to the direct

influence of parental and peer violence on the aggressive behavior of adolescents, in line with

research conducted by Berlianti et al. (2016) which revealed that an increase in the abusive

behavior of parents in adolescents both physically and verbally will increase their aggressive

behavior directly.

Self-control in this study is thought to be a mediator of the influence between violence

committed by parents and peers with aggressive behavior. The results of the study revealed that

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violence committed by parents has a direct and indirect influence through self-control of

aggressive behavior. Meanwhile, violence committed by peers directly affects aggressive behavior

without being mediated by self-control. In line with research conducted by Rahmayanti (2018),

which revealed that there is a direct or indirect negative relationship between positive parental

attachment and aggressive behavior mediated by self-control.

The frequency of violence received by adolescents in the results of this study, revealed that

most adolescent boys and girls have received physical and emotional violence from their fathers,

mothers, and peers in the past year. Physical violence is a behavior that involves direct contact and

can cause pain and even injury to a person. Meanwhile, emotional violence is a behavior that can

interfere with a person's social development and mental health (Patnani et al., 2002; Moffat, 2003)

Teenage boys tend to get violence from their fathers and teenage girls tend to get violence

from their mothers. In line with research conducted by Kurniasari et al. in 2017 which said that

adolescent boys get violence from their fathers more often than from their mothers. Meanwhile,

adolescent girls get violence from their mothers more often than from their fathers.

The results revealed that more than half of adolescent girls who had been abused by their

mothers admitted to at least one to two times being discriminated against in the past year. Then,

more than one-third of teenage girls who have been abused by their mothers, admit to at least one

to two times getting punched in the past year. Furthermore, more than half of teenage girls say that

their mothers have said harshly and harshly to them at least two to three times in the past year or

so. Previous research has also said that one in five adolescent girls have experienced sexual,

physical, and or emotional violence in the past year (Kurniasari et al., 2017).

Three out of four teenage boys who have been physically and emotionally abused by their

fathers claim to have been kicked and discriminated against by their fathers at least once or twice

in the past year. This is in line with research conducted by Kurniasari, Widodo, Susantyo,

Wisayanti, and Irmayani in 2017 which said that one in three teenage boys has been sexually,

physically, and or emotionally abused in the past year.

Forms of violence committed by peers tend to lead to emotional violence, both adolescent

boys and adolescent girls. The results of this study revealed that more than one-third of adolescent

girls were at least one to two times demeaned and discriminated against by their peers in the past

year. Furthermore, one in three teenage boys admit to at least one to two times being feared by

their peers and the majority of teenage boys have been ignored at least one to two times in the past

year.

Violence committed by parents and peers not only has an influence on aggressive behavior,

but also has an influence on adolescents' self-esteem and self-control. Self-esteem is a person's

way of evaluating or assessing themselves. In adolescents, having high self-esteem is very

important to help adolescents express themselves, be positive towards others, be optimistic, and

feel proud and satisfied with themselves. There are several external factors that can influence the

level of self-esteem in adolescents, namely family and peer factors (Rosenberg & Owen, 2001;

Mruk, 2006).

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With regard to factors that can affect adolescent self-esteem, parental, peer, and adolescent

relationships are essential in helping the development of self-esteem. In line with previous research

conducted by Hoffman et al. (1987) the results of the study said that violence committed by

mothers and peers has a significant negative influence with adolescent self-esteem. It means that

the higher the frequency of violence committed by mothers and peers, the lower the self-esteem

adolescent. In addition, the results of this study revealed that violence committed by fathers has an

insignificant influence on adolescent self-esteem. It is in line with research conducted by

Hendricks et al. in 2005 which said that violence committed by fathers has an insignificant effect

on adolescent self-esteem. This is allegedly due to the dominance of roles that occur in parenting.

Fathers tend to have a lower role in parenting compared to mothers. This was also revealed by the

Indonesian Youth Protection Commission (KPAI) in 2015, which revealed that mothers have a

very dominant role in parenting compared to fathers.

The results of the study also revealed that there was a significant negative influence between

self-esteem and aggressive behavior. This means that the lower the self-esteem, the higher the

frequency of aggressive behavior in adolescents. Similarly, the results of previous studies have

revealed that, the lower the adolescent self-esteem, the higher the aggression behavior caused

(Djawa & Ambarini, 2019; Makbul et al., 2016).

The existence of transitions in adolescence, often makes adolescents need to face confusing

situations and can promote deviant behavior if they do not have high self-control. Self-control is

an individual's ability to determine his behavior based on certain standards such as values, morals

and rules that apply in society and lead to positive behavior. The ability to control one's self-control

requires an important role that comes from their immediate environment, such as parents and peers.

When their immediate environment supports the development of self-control, adolescents will

have a high level of self-dick, and vice versa. If their immediate environment is not supportive in

the development of self-control, then adolescents will have low self-control (Tangney et al., 2004;

Marsela & Supriatna; 2019).

Based on the results of the studies conducted, it was revealed that the violence committed by

mothers and fathers has a significant negative influence with self-control. This means that the more

often parents commit violence against adolescents, the lower their self-control, and vice versa.

This is in line with research conducted by Rahayu (2018), which revealed that parents who have a

positive parenting style in the absence of violence both physically and verbally affect positively

significantly the self-control of adolescents. Related to violence committed by peers, the results

showed that there was no significant influence on adolescent self-control. This is presumably

because the development of self-control is first taught by parents from an early age, so that the

influence of parents, both father and mother, in the development of self-control is greater than the

influence of peers (Ghufron & Risnawita, 2011).

Various problems will arise due to the low self-control of adolescents, one of which is

aggressive behavior. The results of this study revealed that there was a significant negative

influence between self-control and aggressive behavior of adolescents. When self-control in

adolescents is low, it will be difficult for the teenager to control emotions and can solve problems,

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and vice versa. Adolescents who have low self-control tend to easily engage in negative and even

non-criminal behaviors without thinking about the consequences that will occur. This is also in

line with research conducted by Aroma & Suminar (2012) and Vaughn (2008), which revealedthat

adolescents who have high self-control then their aggressive behavior is low.

There are several limitations of research including, namely the research was conducted

during Covid-19 so that data collection was carried out online and using non-probability sampling

methods, so that the data in this study could not be generalized.

CONCLUSION

The adolescents in this study were adolescents with an average age of 16.71 years. The

number of adolescents in this study was dominated by women with 96 and the number of

adolescent boys as many as 24. Most fathers and mothers belong to the intermediate adult category

(40-60 years). The average length of education for fathers is 9.2 years and mothers are 8.5 years.

More than half of teenage fathers work as laborers and most teenage mothers don't work. Most of

the family income is below the Bogor City MSE with an average family income of Rp. 2,433,575.

More than half of adolescents have large medium-category families with a family member of 5 to

7 people.

Adolescent girls tend to receive violence from their mothers more often, while teenage boys

tend to get violence from their fathers. Emotional violence committed by fathers, mothers, and

peers has a higher average score compared to physical violence committed by fathers, mothers,

and peers in both adolescent boys and girls. Self-esteem in adolescent boys is higher compared to

adolescent girls, while adolescent girls have higher self-control compared to adolescent boys.

Adolescent boys have higher average scores of aggressive behavior compared to adolescent girls.

Adolescent girls tend to have an attitude of hostility and anger, while adolescent boys tend to

engage in physical and verbal aggression.

Factors that are significantly related to violence committed by fathers and mothers are gender

and violence committed by peers has a significant relationship with adolescence. Then, self-esteem

has a significant relationship with violence committed by fathers, mothers and peers., self-

appreciation also has a significant relationship with violence committed by fathers, mothers and

peers and self-esteem. Aggressive behavior also has a significant relationship with violence

committed by fathers, mothers, and peers, self-esteem, and self-control.

Factors that significantly influence aggressive behavior are violence perpetrated by fathers,

mothers, and peers, self-esteem and self-control. The violence perpetrated by the father has a

significant influence both directly and indirectly through self-control of aggressive behavior.

Violence committed by mothers and peers has a direct or indirect influence on aggressive behavior

through self-esteem. Violence committed by mothers has a greater influence than violence

committed by fathers and peers in influencing adolescent self-esteem. The violence perpetrated

by the father has a greater influence than the violence perpetrated by the mother and peers in

influencing self-control and aggressive behavior.

Parental and Peer Violence, Self-Esteem, Self-Control, and Aggressive Adolescent Behavior

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2023

Based on the research findings, the following are some suggestions from the results of the

study for parents. First, parents are expected to provide a positive environment for adolescents, not

allowed to educate and nurture adolescents by violent means, both physically and emotionally.

Second, parents are expected to be good role models for adolescents, meaning that parents need to

set a good example for adolescents so that adolescents can model and learn related to good

behavior that must be done. Third, parents are expected to communicate both ways well with

adolescents, provide comfort, direct, appreciate, and support the good wishes of adolescents.

Fourth, fathers and mothers can work together to provide good parenting for adolescents. Fifth,

parents can attend training to improve knowledge and skills in adolescent care in order to improve

the quality of interaction and adolescent development achievements based on age.

Then, some suggestions are aimed at the school environment. First, schools are expected to

provide direction and learning for students related to good behavior, for example in the form of

socialization or. Second, it is hoped that teachers can become role models by providing examples

of good behavior, so that students can follow these good behaviors. Third, providing a positive

environment and mutual respect for each other. Fourth, it can cooperate with parents in educating

adolescents, so that schools and parents synergize to achieve the same goal.

For the governing body, there are three suggestions from the research results. First, create

trainings related to positive parenting for parents. Second, conducting campaigns at the city and

district levels related to positive parenting. Third, create a learning curriculum related to behaving

well for students. The current use of social media can also be used to reduce the number of violence

and aggressiveness, the government can create online programs and promotions through

influencers on social media, in order to increase the understanding of parents and media audiences

dominated by adolescents related to the influence of violence on aggressive behavior.

For future research, the researchers expect more variables affecting violence, especially on

adolescents, emerge to give a clearer picture of how violence is such a big issue in this era.

Regarding that, the resarchers hope that this study may become their reference.

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