P-ISSN: 2808-5957

E-ISSN: 2808-6724

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1063

INTRODUCTION

physical act) and verbal aggression (mocking, yelling, etc) (Riddell, 2014). Generally,

violence can be defined as an act doing by person toward another which causes physical

and psychological injury (Praditya, Wimbarti, & Helmi, 1999). To understand means of

violence against children, first we have to grasp "child" itself based on the law and

children convention. On article 1 of Convention on the rights of the child declare that a

child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law

applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier (Wahid, Irfan, & Hasan, 2001). Based

on Indonesian Number 23 year 2002, define child as a person who haven’t reach 18 years

old, including person who is still inside a womb (Verhellen, 2015). Sudarti argues that

necessity such as health, foods, clothes, etc) (Zulbachri, 2016). The perpetrators of

violence against children mostly are parent, sibling, uncle, aunty, friend, teacher,

neighbor and stranger. In general, it is occur to a child who is introvert. Violence resulting

a complicated problem which one of them is causes severe trauma for their victim.

Children who get violence often afraid to report the act due to some type of violence in

Indonesia still counted as a common thing. In general, violence against children are not

spontaneously but also influenced by family or environment surround. Meanwhile, Richard

Gelles argue that violence against children can be trigger through four categories such

as inheritance violence (learn violence from parent); social stress (related to social

condition such as economic condition); social isolation (occur in parent who never join in

social activity); Family structure (does not have a good relation inside a family itself)

Nation that commits for keeping children rights. UNICEF also help Indonesia to protect

children from violence behavior through their child protection system. This system while

implemented should have cooperation with national actors and adjustment with

Indonesian Constitution. Eillen Munro on Child Protection book defines child protection

itself as a part of safeguarding and promoting welfare. This refers to the activity which is

undertaken to protect specific children who are suffering or are at risk of suffering

significant harm ((Putri & Setyawan, 2014)

.

Child protection is difficult to implement due

to parent often put their perspective that how to take care a children is a part of their

family privacy. So, regarding to that matter, government as a high authority in a country,

need to do intervene toward a family to assure children rights.

It is important to make a strategy and commitment between actors. While

implementing child protection, UNICEF has six strategies which already formulated to

preventing and responding any forms of violence against children. Six strategies that

UNICEF uses are: a) supporting parents, caregivers and families; b) helping children and

adolescents manage risk and challenges; c) Changing attitudes and social norms that

communities, non government organization and international organization. Human Rights

based approach is an approachment that often used to gauge the system implementation

that related to human rights including violence. Aside of the approach, another matter

that should do is collect the information, analyzing forms of violence, and formulated the

framework system.

Child protection is involving a lot of capacities such as strengthening government

capacity to fulfill their obligation on children rights. In Indonesia, child protection is

helping Indonesian government to adjust the entire program from local level until national

level along with another NGO and grassroots communities. In advocacy, UNICEF

encourages Indonesian government to improve their law which related to legal protection

for children. Aside of it, UNICEF providing technical support to adopt that law in local

Even though there is a lot of forms of cooperation and support from many actors,

a number of violence in Indonesia still high and continue to increase every year. In

beginning of 2011, a number of physical violence on children around 94 children and in

a year 2014 reach until 273 children. Likewise, sexual violence against children in a 2011

reaches 2016 children and keep rising until 656 children in a 2014 (Rahayu & Day, 2015).

In this research try to describe a dynamic on implementation process in children

protection system that belong to UNICEF. This also will examine to what extent this

system meet a problem while implementing in Indonesia.

METHOD

This research method is a qualitative model, which will gain a data from field

studies and literature studies. This research will collect data from related document

directly from KPAI Indonesia, UNICEF and also field interview directly with actor that

involved in this child protection system. Data collection will be conducted and analyzed

with qualitative descriptive.

From tables above showing that sexual violence against children continue to rise

than other violence especially in 2014 from 343 to 656 children. Especially in sexual

violence which put children as a victim. It stated that serious acts were needed to lessen

cases in sexual violence context but also have to keep solving another forms of violence.

The perpetrator of violence against children in Indonesia often related to their

family. Here is diagram which contains of data that showing most perpetrator of violence

against children in Indonesia from 2014-2015 (Rahayu & Day, 2015).

Fig 4. Actors of Children Violence in Indonesia (2014-2015)

From diagram above, it shows that most perpetrator of violence against children

were doing by their own father with percentage around 28%, then it follow by their own

mother around 21%. It declares that mostly, violence was doing by their own family circle

inside the house. Aside of family circle, children also vulnerable with their surround even

strangers which is depict by diagram above with percentage around 7%. Usually it

happened when children playing outside their house.

To prevent such violence from perpetrator and to diminished large number of

violence on children in Indonesia, UNICEF using their approach with child protection

system which has three main point that refers to the system itself, the purpose of the

framework of child protection system that often used by UNICEF in many countries which

involved government (UNICEF, 2015).

On the diagram shows that child protection hasan element system which consists

of structure, function, capacity, continuum care, process of care and accountability.

While implementing this system, in order to adjust the national and international law,

they have to refers to Human Rights Based Approach. It is needed especially in

enforcement part. In general, this approach is a form of framework which adjusts

International rights and national rights as a basic of a system which ready to implement.

(UNICEF, 2016).

Fig 6. Rights-Based Approach Navigator

In this approach to fulfill every human rights, need to do intervention as their

responsibilities. This framework as a navigator in child protection system in Indonesia.

Actors who runs this navigator in order to fulfill children rights are local and national

actors, KPPA (Komisi Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak), KPAI (Komisi

supervised by KOMNASHAM. UNICEF also doing advocacy and provide technical support

in the implementation process there is some dynamic problems especially on distinct

perspectives in many parties. Likewise, there is a lot of Indonesian Law which in making

process is not referring to HRBA and focus on giving punishment than prevention.

Furthermore, UNICEF also holds a partnership event to deliver their intention that related

to advocacy. By this event, business actors will carry out their business whilst keeping

and promoting child rights.

In promoting and keeping child rights context, UNICEF uses seven main points to

strive for children rights. It is dignity; best interest of the child; non-discrimination; life,

survival and development;participation; interdependence and invisibility; transparency

forms of violence or punishment. Whereabouts Creative Connection modules for parents

and adolescents with purposes to develop their communication skill in order to solve daily

problems and building a positive vibes between their relations. Those modules are need

a suitable circle to execute it precisely. Furthermore, for creating friendly environment for

children are needed. So that, UNICEF and local level put focus on inventing child friendly

zone which mostly carry out by school, play ground and other public places.

Dynamics of Implementation UNICEF Child Protection System in Indonesia.

Actor and context showing actors who involve in child protection system such as

family, communities, government, NGO and other related organization. While structure

defines a relation between actors and parties inside the system. It execute on a forms of

surveillance on policy implementation between UNICEF and government so it will

compatible with the system. So far, this function is difficult to carry out in community

level due to every society were implement their own policy or system; hence it will cause

it overlapping. When the system is overlapping, communities will be confused on how to

respond violence surround them.