INTRODUCTION

terms of education, equality of women has been recognized, but in the economic field

the condition is not better. Women are often in disproportionate poverty, often women

are in the poorest conditions among the poorest. Conditions caused by limited equality in

access to resources make it difficult for women to grow economically. Often gender-

growth, a note from McKinsey mentions that countries that do not create an equal

environment will lose 12 trillion USD, equivalent to 16.5 percent of the total global

economy (McKinsey Global Institute, 2015). In the Asia Pacific region itself, there is

actually an increase in the workforce which provides opportunities for gender equality, so

there is a potential for economic revenue of USD 4.5 trillion to be received by each country

in 2025 (McKinsey Global Institute, 2018).

problem of gender inequality, Indonesia's Human Development Index (IPM) is still below

the world average (KPPA and BPS, 2019). Even the female HDI ranking in Indonesia is

also far behind Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and even Vietnam (UNDP, 2018). The

concentrated in the informal sector (Dalilah, 2021). The involvement of women in the

formal sector is evidence of gender equality and women's empowerment, as countries

with developed economies continue to carry out sustainable economic development

(Sabariman, 2019). Women who manage to get out of their "domestic zone" to enter the

formal job market will open up new opportunities for other women so as to create a

transition to economic drivers and changes in the social landscape around them

(Sabariman, 2019). So it is not wrong if working in the formal sector becomes an

"achievement" for women in terms of higher education abilities, not just "helping" the

family economy (Cameron, Suarez, & Rowell, 2020).

women's positions in the top structure of positions are still limited and very minimal,

besides that at the same level of office there is a gap in the salary received by women

compared to men (Yaish & Kraus, 2003) ; ADB, 2016). The wage inequality between

women and men is proven by (Pirmana, 2006) that 23.34 percent of men receive higher

potential barrier to the achievement of women's financial and economic independence

(Iskandar & Hamid, 2019). The condition of the gender gap reflects gender-based

discrimination in the labor market that does not look at the productivity of male workers

with female workers, even though there are already many professional positions that

should be able to be held by women with good educational backgrounds (ADB, 2016).

the field of formal work that must be possessed by female workers (Wijayanto & Sari,

2019). So it can be expected, low education, limited knowledge, and minimal expertise

will make it difficult for women to enter the formal sector, only the informal area which

ultimately provides an opportunity to be selected (Josephine, 2019). The provision of

understanding causing the construction of women to be discriminatory and beneficial to

men (Safitri, 2014). The patriarchal culture also perpetuates the discrimination in wages

received by women in the labor market, found in 31 provinces in Indonesia (Iskandar &

Hamid, 2019). Even though providing a female leadership portion has a real impact on

company earnings, the Peterson Institute study found that 30 percent of women's

representation on the board of directors and C level will contribute 15 percent to the

company's net income (Noland, Moran, & Kotschwar, 2016).

complex problems that characterize it. The role of women in the micro-industrial labor

market cannot be ignored, data from the Ministry of Manpower records that as many as

sellers, farm laborers, and home industry workers (Yuliati, 2019). The choice of the

informal sector on the one hand provides flexibility to female workers because of the

scope of work and work protocols offered but on the other hand the lack of guaranteed

wages, future work status, and the absence of professional training, career promotions

that are not obtained as formal workers.

capacity and contribution, both in developed and developing countries, although access

is often discriminated against by (Jati, 2009). In Indonesia, the role of women in the

entrepreneurial sector is proven by the fact that the ownership of SMEs is very large,

from a total of 700 thousand SMEs, 34 percent are owned by women. These SMEs

contribute 22 percent to GDP, while women-owned SMEs contribute 9.1 percent to GDP.

Half of micro-enterprises and one-third of women-run enterprises contribute to economic

growth and job creation, on a par with male-owned enterprises. Although women are

faced with multiple responsibilities, in terms of business as well as family affairs and

household chores (IFC and USAID, 2016). This condition is due to the fact that female

entrepreneurs have the courage to take higher risks and are happy with challenges than

role of women as entrepreneurs. The existence of HDI disparities between women and

men's HDI during 2010-2019, is a question mark over the performance and efforts to

increase HDI through policies carried out by the government so far.

development in Indonesia between women and men. In addition, other evidence shows

the inequality of human development between Java and outside Java. This condition of

course also has an impact on the disparity in the HDI achievement of women in Java and

outside Java, but what is interesting is that the disparity in HDI achievement has in fact

also occurred in the provinces in Java itself, which in terms of infrastructure development

are better, this condition is certainly interesting for further studies. So that researchers

the factor of women's participation as entrepreneurs and professional workers. This study

chose the object of study in 34 cities and 85 districts on the island of Java as the object

of research. Secondary data of the research was taken through the BPS website, namely

the HDI data for women, female professionals and data on women entrepreneurs in 2019.

referring to life expectancy data, education referring to data on average length of

schooling and expected years of schooling. , the economic component refers to a decent

standard of living through gross national income per capita in each district/city on the

island of Java (UNDP, 2020). Data on the percentage of women entrepreneurs is the

number of women entrepreneurs divided by the total number of entrepreneurs in each

district/city on the island of Java. Furthermore, the data on the percentage of women as

professional workers is the ratio of women as managers, professionals, administration

and technicians to all women in every district/city in Java Island. Furthermore, the data

obtained will be processed through the classical assumption test followed by using

multiple linear regression to see the partial and simultaneous contribution to the HDI of

economy, but still has complex issues of gender equality, this condition is certainly

interesting to observe, if so far there have been striking gaps in the HDI between Java

and outside Java, in fact there are many districts/cities. on the island of Java itself is still

struggling to overcome the HDI problem. Women's HDI in Java is still experiencing a

surprising disparity.

Garut, West Bandung from the West Java region. The East Java region is represented by

Sampang, Sumenep, while from Banten one district is Lebak. Regions that are able to

achieve a very high HDI for women are South Jakarta, East Jakarta, Bandung City,

Surakarta City, Salatiga City, Semarang City. Furthermore, from Yogyakarta Province

there are Sleman and Yogyakarta City, while East Java is only Malang City which is able

to achieve a very high female HDI.

contributed very high the involvement of women in the business sector, in East Java

Ngawi, Bojonegoro, Kediri City, Blitar City and Batu City contributed very high

participation of women in entrepreneurship especially in the MSME sector. Regions with

Java it is recorded as Bogor, Sukabumi, Cianjur, Bandung, Garut, Majalengka, Indramayu,

West Bandung, and Kota Sukabumi. Meanwhile, from Central Java, areas with low female

participation in business ownership are Banjarnegara, Grobogan. Meanwhile, from East

Java Province, it was recorded that Situbondo, Sampang, Sumenep. Furthermore, Banten

Province recorded that Lebak, Tangerang and Serang City had low participation of women

as entrepreneurs.

received by women are always lower than the wages received by men both in rural and

urban areas. There seems to be an increase in the number of women entering the world

of professional work in some areas, although there are still many areas where women's

representation in professional work is still low.

category are 64 percent very dominant which shows that there are already many regions

that have a portion of women's involvement in professional work. The increasing number

of women who have adequate educational backgrounds and competencies encourages

the share of women to enter available professional jobs.

become professional workers, various studies confirm that entrepreneurs have a

contribution to economic development and are the key to economic growth (Sarfaraz,

Faghih, & Majd, 2014). Women's participation in the economy is indeed closely related to

women's ease of access to education on an equal basis with men. Openness to access to

education for women is indeed something to be proud of, participation at the higher

education level is also getting higher. Young women who attended high school and

college level education increased by 2.06 points from 36.61 to 38.67 in the 2015–2018

period. The percentage of young women who are currently pursuing senior high school

education is also found to be higher than the percentage of young men. DI Yogyakarta

Province is the province with the highest achievement in Indonesia (61.15%) (Bappenas,

friendly to women entrepreneurs (Nedelcheva, 2012). Opportunities for women

entrepreneurs to manage their own businesses are still wide open, according to (Stefan

et al., 2021) provide sustainable business development solutions for women

entrepreneurs by expanding connections, building network structures, increasing

technological capabilities to expand the market. The main key is that digital

transformation will significantly affect women's entrepreneurship.

CONCLUSION

as entrepreneurs and professional workers has a positive and significant impact on the

in Java.

Abdullah, Sabah, & Morley, Bruce. (2014). Environmental taxes and economic growth:

Anwas, Oos M. (2013).

Ardhanari, Margaretha. (2007). Analisis Personal Pumik (Perempuan Pengusaha Mikro)